h2-arkiv - Joniserat vatten Basiskt vatten

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Livsvatten H2 Diskbänksmodell

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ULTRAWATER FILTER för H2 Vattenrenare

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Livsvatten H2 Diskbänksmodell

Original price was: kr5,495.Current price is: kr4,995.

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ULTRAWATER FILTER för H2 Vattenrenare

Passar alla H2 vattenrenare, Delphi, Melody, Vesta...

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Läs vår FAQ

FAQ Frågor och svar om joniserat vatten och våra vattenrenare

Jonisering är en process där man tillför eller tar bort en elekton. Joniserat vatten är i korthet vanligt vatten som utsatts för elektrisk laddning genom elektrolysbehandling. Vatten i sig kan inte joniseras men det som sker i en vattenjonisator är att innehållet joniseras ( mineralerna, spårämnen mm).
Vid användningen av en jonisatorn får kranvatten rinna in i positivt och negativt laddade elektroder. Detta joniserar mineralerna ( läs ämnena) i vattnet som bildar positiva och negativa joner. Så man joniserar alltså inte själva vattnet men resultatet kallas joniserat vatten. Jonisering i en icke elekrisk vattenrenrae som vår diskbänksmodell är annorlunda men principen är den samma. Joniseringen sker elektroniskt i en kammare via 100% titanpläterade platina plattor i våra vattenrenare. Inget försvinner i processen, därför är det viktigt att filtren tar bor t det som inte skall vara med i joniseringen, ämnena separeras bara i två olika strömmar, surt och basiskt
och man dricker basiskt vatten och använder surt vatten för t.ex yttre ändamål. Man ställer in joniseringsgraden via val i maskinen och får olika egenskaper av pH från vattnet som kommer ut ur vattenrenaren.
Det är viktigt att veta att man kan inte jonisera destillerat vatten.

Enligt oss så har vi den bästa produkten då vi inte har konkurrens när det gäller filtrering, H2 värden och själva tillverkningskvalitén. Vår nya H2 serie ger dubbelt så mycket H2 koncentration mot våra äldre modeller av Vesta och Delphi, Athena. Då var dom bäst för några år sedan. Det finns många olika joniserande vattenrenare på marknaden idag. En vattenrenare skall ses som en långsiktig investering och trygghet för alla användares välmående och man skall ha höga krav när man inser hur bra dom är för alla användare. Vi renar inte bara vaten som många företag gör, vi turboladdar ditt vatten till något extra. Vill man bara rena sitt vatten eller vill man ha en sammanfattande lösning om vatten? När man inser hälsofördelarna kring joniserat vatten kan man enkelt konstatera att det är en mycket bra och billig investering. Med detta anser vi att våra vattenrenare är bäst och de mest prisvärda som finns på marknaden idag. Vi har erfarenhet av vattenrenare / vattenjonisatorer vi köpt från Kina och kort sagt var det en mycket tråkig historia. Hälften av maskinerna vi tog hem krånglade eller gick sönder på ett eller annat sätt och filtren hade mycket dålig standard. Men det viktigaste är inte att man köper en maskin från oss, det viktigaste är att man sätter sig in i hur pH fungerar i kroppen och vad H2 vatten kan göra för en. Det som är viktigt för att återfå kontroll på sin hälsa eller att förebygga sjukdom. Det sätter vi allra högst.

Alla Livsvattens jonisatorer levereras med ett adapterkit som passar de flesta traditionella kranar. På Livsvatten Delphi får du en egen kran som sätts på valfri sida bredvid din ordinarie kran. Dock kan vissa designade kranar ha en annan koppling och då kontaktar man oss eller en rörfirma för bästa råd. Våra kopplingkit som du får med vattenrenaren passar ca 80% av alla krantyper idag. Man får dessutom med reagensvätska för att kunna mäta sitt egna vatten så vattenrenaren verkligen ger alkaliskt vatten. Maskinen är mycket lätt att installera och installationsvideo till alla maskiner finns på hemsidan att se på. Manualerna kan du också ladda ner om den blivit förlagd. Det är enkelt att installera en vattenrenare från oss!

Den omkopplare som medföljer har en vridkran som ändrar vattenflödet från kranen till Livsvattens H2 vattenrenare. När du vill diska låter du vattnet flöda som vanligt genom omkopplaren. Detta gäller ej Delphi som har en separat kran

Ja. Om du t.ex har extremt höga halter av något i ditt vatten och har ett filter för det så kan du koppla vår vattenrenare efter det filtret. Om du har en virvel däremot kan den inte användas längre. Du kan däremot virvla vattnet enkelt själv genom att snurra glaset 6-8 varv (i högervarv= medurs!) efter du joniserat det och få samma effekt.

Se vår film ”Du är inte sjuk, du är Försurad!” De flesta människor är det i dagens sammhälle med livstempot, stress, fel val av mat, toxicitet, mm innebär att 99% av alla människor är överbelastade. Det är intressant att se att maten innehåller surhetsregulerande medel. Har du tänkt på varför? Du kan använda ett urintest eller salivtest för att ge dig en uppfattning om din surhet. Då testar man på morgonen och pH skall vara 6,8 -7,2 för att vara neutral. På apoteket hittar du pHremsor för dessa tester. Detta är inte helt korrekt sätt att mäta på då din kropp alltid försöker att balansera din sura och
alkaliska nivå och det kan mycket väl vara så att du blivit av med surt avfall vid tiden du utför testet.

Det lönar sig att titta på din kost. enligt till exempel Ayurveda och kinesisk medicin så kan man spåra försurning i urinen om den är gulaktig och detta kan indikera uttorkning eller försurning. I båda fallen är joniserat vatten perfekt då det hanterar både och. Det finns många webbplatser som ger dig en lista över sur och alkalisk som producerar livsmedel.

Öppna filterkåpan, ta ut filtret, tryck ner lite, och dra ut. Kör vatten genom maskinen under några minuter för att eventuellt rensa bort lös kol partiklar och sedan är det klart. Allting tar ca 1-2 minuter och vem som helst klarar av det.

Se denna engelska text för att få djuapre insikt i processen.
Antioxidanterna som uppkommer är hydroxyljoner som skapas i processen. Processen ser ut enligt följande:

Vatten med innehållet A- och B → A med Neutralt laddade vätejoner + B med negativt laddade Hydroxidjoner

där A- är ett ämne i ursprungssvattnet som har negativ laddning
B ett ämne i ursprungsvattet med neutral laddning
A Där A är oxiderad ( har tappat en elektron)
Be- B i reducerad form ( har fått en elektron)

Så i princip så blir joniseringen olika beroende på vad man har för mineraler att jonisera med ens vatten som ursprungspunkt.
Därför är det svårt att fastställa exaka värden för alla som handlar en jonisator då variationerna kan vara
stora i mineralmängd.
Vi har dock kalk och magnesium i våra Ultrafilter där lättupplösligt kalk och magnesium frigörs som gör att joniseringen sker lättare. Mna kan även tillföra dessa mineraler om man inte har dom i sitt vatten. De tillsätts i en speciell kalkpatron i filtret ( gäller för H2 serien).

Vidare innehåller våra filter turmalin i sig som bl.a minskar ytspänningen i vattnet vilket gör det lättare att jonisera.
Vatten som har joniserats kommer ut i 2 strömmar och blir basiskt eller surt vatten. Det basiska vattnet dricker man och det blir en antioxidant då det är fullt av hydroxyljoner (OH-) och har många hälsofördelar. Surt vatten är mer oxiderande (dvs. fullt av vätejoner) och det används utanpå kroppen på t.ex huden, vid tandsköljning och för att sterilisera. Den har även andra fördelar som t.ex. hjälp vid blomväxt och olika grödor.

Din maskin kommer att säga till det automatiskt. H2 serien säger ifrån när du har använt 999 gallons = ca 4000 liter.

Tre kriterier gäller för filterbyten:

1. Filter bör göras då en vattenrenare signalerar dettts.
2. Efter ca 8-12 månaders förbrukning även om man inte nått till ovanstående gräns. Detta beror på att vattenfiltren blir förstoppade och viss bakteriehärd kan skapas i filtret. Dessutom så får vattenfiltret sämre värden i bl.a. negativa joner och ph när det använts ett tag på grund av just förstoppning av mineraler/
Variation förekommer beroende på vilket vatten som passerar filtret vilket påverkar livslängden.

3. Man skall även byta filter om filtret varit oanvänt i över 20 dagar då bakteriehärdar kan skapas i vattenfiltret. Man kan ”skona” filtret vid resa genom att lägga det i en plastpåse i kylskåpet under perioden man varit borta. Filtret håller då i upp till en månad.

Om vattnet är för hårt (över 15 Tyska grader) skall ett förfilter (avhärdare) användas för att säkerställa elektrolyskammaren och vattenrenarens livslängd. Vi har något som heter EOS och ScaleGuard som man kan köpa till och använda till sin vattenjonisator. Våra garantier gäller inte om man använder för hårt vatten då maskinernas livslängd kan påverkas negativt och rör i maskinen blir igensatta även om dom har automatisk reningsprocesser.

Man kan välja surt vatten i jonisatorn och på så sätt låta surt vatten rinna i rören en dag i veckan vilket är mycket bra för maskinen om man märker att flödet i vattenrenaren blir lägre.

Se vår sida om Ultrawater. 172 Olika föroreningar tas bort från ditt vatten om dom finns i normalamängder! Har man behov av parasit eller virus filter så har vi det också till vattenrenarna. Ett speciellt Flourid filter finns också för ökat fluoridhalt i vattnet som du kan använda i första filterhuset i din H2 maskin eller äldre maskin.

Diskbänksmodellen har Ultrawater i sig som väldigt bra skydd med allting i sig för normalt kommunalt vatten.

Ingen. Livsvattens H2 serie har självrengörande DARCII system som rengör sig själva fullt ut och dessutom sker automatiskt under användning. Se under de specifika produkterna hur reningen utförs. Om man i extrema fall får kalkavlagringar kan man rengöra elekrolysplattorna på ett enkelt sätt med ättika.
Det man bör göra är att välja surt vatten en gång i veckan och dricka från den grå slangen ( den slangen som går i diskhon), för då rensas även kalkavlagringar ut ur rören inne i maskinen av sig självt.

Diskbänksmodellen har redan väldigt bra skydd med allting i sig.

Det är enkelt att installera våra produkter. Vi har specifika kundsidor med installationsvideos mm som du blir hänvisad till när du handlar en Vattenrenare av oss. Du behöver inga extra utgifter för en installation utan klarar av att installera allt själv förutom Delphi H2 som kräver en rörmokare eller lite händigare person.

Våra tester visar att man får samma effekt med Livsvattens joniserande vattenrenare om man snurrar vattnet 6-8 i högervarv efter man har joniserat det. Låt vattnet ligga in en kanna bara och snurra det i högervarv. Livsvattens joniserade vatten är påverkbart i förbättrande syfte och kan enkelt struktureras optimalt på detta sätt.

Det en vattenvirvlare inte kan göra är att rena ditt vatten utförligt och sedan jonisera vattnet.

Men allmänt så varierar beroende på vad man har för TDS (mineralinnehåll).
För dom kraftfullare maskinerna i H2 serien fås 2,6-3 i sura vattnet och upp till 11,5 i basiskt.
Ph värdet kan dessutom styras av vattenflödet också vilket skapar kraftfullare jonisering.

Det är faktiskt inte så viktigt hur starkt pH man får ut när det gäller att dricka joniserat vatten. Detta då kroppen kommer att säga stopp till för högt pH i kroppen och vattnet kommer smaka metalliskt. Det som är viktigast när det gäller dricka joniserat vatten är vilken H2 koncentration man har och negativ ORP man kan skapa vid pH 8- 9,5 som är dricksintervallet man dricker ur oftast . Kroppen kan inte ehller hantera negativ ORP under – 250 då det blir för starkt för kroppen ( generellt )

Att Livsvattens joniserade vattenrenare skapar högt H2 värde under dessa förhållanden ser vi som viktigast.
diskbänksmodellen höjer vattnets pH 1 – 1,5 grader och skapar hög H2 koncentration.

Vid Ph 11 har man däremot till att dra ut näring och egenskaper ur ämnet som ligger i vattnet, ungefär som man lägger något i alkohollösning. Starkt joniserat vatten gör på exakt samma sätt tack vare vätejonskoncentrationens enorma kraft.

Absolut! Om du t. ex har en hälsoblogg kan du få testa våra H2 maskiner så vet du hur dom fungerar och att dom är så bra som vi säger. Vill samarbeta så får du gärna kontakta oss. Vi har affiliate system mm för detta ändamål. Vi vill gärna sprida kunskapen om H2 och joniserat vatten till alla!
Vi samarbetar med seriösa parter för forskning i Sverige om detta ämne och välkomnar alla till projekt.

Vi välkomnar nya frågor vi kan svara på !

Allt om Kangen

KANGENFAKTA FAQ

Vi har samlat dom vanligaste frågorna och föreställningarna som finns idag om Kangenvatten och dess funktioner. Vi hoppas kunna klargöra fakta och sanningar så att du som kund kan fatta ett smart beslut då en H2 maskin är en kostsam investering och som skall hålla länge.

Notera att vi kunde göra denna lista dubbelt så lång men har medvetet minskat alla fakta då vissa är av tekninsk natur som inte alla kan förstå. Prata gärna till oss i chatten eller maila oss din förfrågan på denna sidan.

Det är ingen skillnad. Kangen är ett ord från japanskan som betyder ”reducerat vatten”, ett begrepp om vatten som finns i världen som har ett visst pH och en viss negativ laddning och patenterat detta namn. Alla vattenrenare som är kraftfulla och joniserar H2 vatten kan skapa sk. Kangenvatten. En viktig trygghetsfaktor i en vattenjonisator som producerar H2 är faktiskt filtreringen. Vårt Ultrawater har omatchade egenskaper och suverän prestanda. Kangens filter kommer inte i närheten av Ultrawaters filtreringsförmåga.

NOT: Bolaget bakom de sk. Kangenmaskinerna heter Enagic.

Detta är felaktigt. Kangens maskiner är klassade som medicinska instrument i Japan pga av H2 vattnets läkande förmåga. Det viktiga är att ALLA vattenjonisatorer i Japan och Korea är godkända som medicintekniska produkter om dom kan prestera ett visst pH och -ORP ( H2) i vattnet. Om en maskin kan skapa vatten över ett pH-värde på 8,5 måste den certifieras som medicinsk utrustning. Så det är falskt att Enagic är de enda som är cerifierade som medicinskt instrument.

Kangen är en bra maskin, men är det den bästa? Men Enagic har inte ett enda patent som skyddar tekniken för deras jonisator. (Deras enda patent finns på kompensationsplanen inom MLM strukturen). Det är en gammal design utvecklad av Toyo Metals (Toyo Aitex). Det finns inget nytt inom kraftförsörjningen, elektrodmaterialet, hur den pläterats eller i själva elektrolysdesignen.

Ultrawater på en helt annan nivå än våra konkurrenters filter, även de som bara har vattenrening som grund. Alla kan påsta att deras filter är bra. Vi har bevisat det genom rigorösa tester i statliga lab i USA.
Våra filtertester är:

Certifierade och trovärdiga: Alla tester utförda i oberoende, EPA / NELAP-certifierade laboratorier
Grundliga: Vi utelämnar ingenting och vi visar resultat för allt testat.
Noggranna: Vi testar föroreningsnivåer i delar per miljon och det är så nära EPA: s maximala föroreningsnivå som man kan få.
Ingenting göms eller utelämnat: Vi rapporterar allt -även de svåraste föroreningar som arsenik, krom VI etc.
Omfattande: Vi testade totalt 172 st*. 21 tungmetaller, 65 läkemedel, 3 OTC-läkemedel, 7 hormoner, 15 bekämpningsmedel och herbicider, konserveringsmedel och avloppsindikatorer, 45 VOC och 5 andra anjoner och desinfektionsmedel – totalt 172 föroreningar!

Smarta: H2 seriens filter har en port i filtret som är till för att kunna ha i t.ex avhärdare vid högt kalkinnehåll eller om man har lågt pH, kalk och magnesiumtillskott för att överhuvud taget jonisera vatten. Detta är en enorm fördel mot konkurrande tillverkare då man annars skall ha ett separat filter innan maskinen som är klumpigt och inte ser så snygg ut.

numera 242 st däribland PFAS plaster som tas bort med 99,9 %

Vi kan inte tala för andra tillverkare. Våra joniseringsmembran kommer från Japan och har en titanpläterad platina som är de absolut bästa på marknaden. Skillnaden i plätering är att våra är pläterade i elektrolys vilket gör dom mer kraftfulla och får bättre livslängd och prestanda. Kangen har inte denna teknologin på deras joniseringsplattor. Dom säger att deras plattor är störst, bäst plätering mm Det stämmer inte.
Våra egenutvecklade H2 Infusion Technology membran tillsammans med kombinationen av smarta elektroder skapar oöverträffad H2-prestanda vid pH spannet för dricksvatten. De flesta lägger krut på att kunna skapa högst pH. Vi får dels mycket bra testresultat när högt pH med hög -ORP skapas (från oberoende källor som jämfört våra maskiner) och Kangen maskiner. Vi satsar däremot mest krut på att leverera maximal H2 vid lägre pH som är drickbart. Detta är viktigast då H2 är den mest läkande antioxidanten som existerar enligt senaste forskningsresultat. Desstutom blir vattnet godare än om man bara fokuserar på högst laddning och bäst pH spann. Detta märks i varje glas man dricker. Våra kunder som uppgraderar sig från våra äldre Vesta maskinerna från vår tidiagre tillverkare till nya H2 serien känner skillnaden direkt.

Nej, det är dom inte. det är en myt som är falsk. Läs vad vatten från vår H2 serie kan göra på denna sidan: De fem olika typerna av joniserat vatten

Vesta H2 har förmågan att inte bara skapa hög H2 utan kan också prestera mycket bra vid lägre mer drickbart – och säkrare – pH-nivåer.
Vesta H2 skapar (beroende på källvatten) upp till ett pH på 11,0+ och -900 ORP. Vad som är vilseledande är att säga att en jonisator får ett visst resultat då resultatet varierar kraftigt beroende på mineralkoncentrationen i ditt vatten och flödeshastigheten man valt.

Alla som skapar bra H2 värden gör det också i vatten som har farligt högt pH – alltid långt över 10 pH. Det är inte bara tveksamt att dricka så högt pH, utan vatten med högt pH-värde smakar dåligt!

Vi garanterar att om någon kund kan visa att om vår H2 jonisator inte är bättre än någon annan vattenjonisator med liknande antal plattor och samma vattenkälla de första 90 dagarna efter köpet får man lämna tillbaka din H2 vattenjonisator.

Detta är unikt för basiskt H2 vatten och inte för Kangens maskiner!
Över 1000 vetenskapliga studier från bl.a Japan och Korea har visat att Basiskt H2 vatten ( som är samma sak) har enorm läkande förmåga i många sjukdomstillstånd. Detta då vår kropp är basisk i sin konstruktion men har sura processer och vi får sk. föskjuten syra bas balans.

Standarderna och kriterierna i Korea och Japan för att en vattenjonisator ska vara en medicinsk anordning är exakt desamma. De japanska standarderna är inte bättre än eller skiljer sig från de koreanska standarderna. Det är därför Koreanska vattenjonisatorer också säljs i Japan.

Eftersom skalet på grönsaker innehåller antocyaniner (naturliga pH-indikatorer), gör den höga pH:n att antocyaninerna att löses upp i vattnet och ändrar färg. Ungefär på samma sätt som pH-droppar man får när man köper en H2 maskin fungerar genom att placera dem i vatten med högt pH. Detta inträffar i olika grader och med olika färger beroende på grönsakstyp. Vissa är till och med genetiskt konstruerade för att ha högre nivåer av antocyaniner för att förbättra sitt utseende i butikshyllorna. Färgen beror på antocyaninerna, inte på bekämpningsmedel, som i allmänhet är tydliga.

FAKTA: Eftersom huden föredrar ett surt pH är vatten i pH-intervallet 4 till 6 ett bra val för tvätt, sköljning mm. Däremot kan skönhetsvattnet från en Kangen maskin innehålla klor, ofta i betydande nivåer, om filtret inte har förmåga att rena vattnet korrekt. Detta kan irritera och orsaka torrhet i huden. Detta händer i lika stor grad med det sura vattnet från våra H2 maskiner. Det luktar knappt klor vilket betyder att filtret tar upp det mesta och att du inte får det på huden.

NOT: Även om huvudfiltret tar bort klor som finns i det kommunala kranvattnet, kan klor återinföras i det sura vattnet genom oxidation av kloridjoner.
Eftersom skönhetsvattnet produceras vid anoden, om källvattnet innehåller kloridjoner kommer dessa joner att oxideras, vilket resulterar i klor som INTE KAN tas bort av filtret (eftersom allt händer efter filtret). Användaren bör alltid testa sitt ”skönhetsvatten” för klor innan det används på sin hud.

Kangen är inte ett Ponzi scheme utan ett MLM, Multi Level Marketing företag. Dessa är uppbyggda så att man tjänar pengar på de som ligger under en själv med olika bonus system. Det är absolut inget fel i det mer än att oftast så har MLM bolag bra produkter, men de är dyra då alla skall ha betalt.

Våra vattenrenare är också i en MLM struktur i USA men vi har valt att sälja billigare och med distributörs licens sedan 10 år. Vill man tjäna pengar på att marknadföra våra produkter har vi ett affiliate system i en nivå som är vanligt praxis i många branscher idag.

En Kangen maskin är absolut ett bra köp! All investering i joniserat H2 vatten skall premieras! Den kostar bara mer än nödvändigt. Kangens historia berättar att dom köpte rättigheterna till tillverkaren Toyos Aitex maskin, döpte om den till Kangen och tog dubbelt betalt.

Även om flödeshastigheten kan vara 7 liter per minut kan det resulterande vattnet vid denna flödeshastighet inte ha ett högt alkaliskt pH eller hög negativt ORP och har således liten fördel. Vidare är det inte möjligt att filtrera bra eller ta bort klor med en liten mängd vatten / filterkontakttid – även om Enagic använder ett filter som kan ta bort föroreningar med inom spännvidd.

Enagic har inte ett enda patent som skyddar teknologin för deras jonisator. (Deras enda patent finns på kompensationsplanen inom MLM strukturen). Det är en gammal design utvecklad av Toyo Metals (Toyo Aitex). Det finns inget ny tekninsk innovation ifråga om kraftförsörjningen, elektrodmaterialet, filtren eller elektrolysdesignen!

Enagic har fått problem med den japanska regeringen för oetiska affärsmetoder. Den japanska försäljnings -kommissionen har faktiskt stängt av deras försäljning två gånger. Första gången är 1997 och igen 2009 för att använda sig av falksa inkomst och hälsopåståenden. Första gången stängdes de av i 9 månader och kunde inte göra några affärer.

Många har hört talas om ”kangen vatten” eftersom på japanska betyder ”kangen” helt enkelt ”reducerat” vatten (elektrolyserat reducerat vatten). Det har ingenting med Enagic ( Kangen) att göra. Det är inte ett varumärke i Japan. Det finns skärmdumpar som visar att översättningen av ”kangen” vatten ”(Kangen mizu) från Google till japanska. Den visar översättningen som ”reducerat vatten”. Detta är anledningen till att andra vattenjoniseringsföretag i Japan också använder ordet. Så alla kan ha hört det uttrycket, men det beror på att dom kan mer om vatten där generellt och har en bredare kultur runt vatten, inte på att Enagic säljer sina maskinerdär

Fakta om Kangenvatten

KANGENFAKTA FAQ

NOT: Bolaget bakom de sk. Kangenmaskinerna heter Enagic.

numera 242 st däribland PFAS plaster som tas bort med 99,9 %

Nej, det är dom inte. det är en myt som är falsk. Läs vad vatten från vår H2 serie kan göra på denna sidan: De fem olika typerna av joniserat vatten

Vetenskapliga studier

Kliniska studier på joniserat H2 vatten

De sista åren har det skett ett enormt uppsving i studier av joniserat H2 vatten runt om i världen. Här följer några utan speciell rangordning men klassade i kroppens områdesfält. Längre ner på sidan under dessa olika områden finns även studier som har tagits fram med ursprungstexten skriven i studien. Detta är de olika områden som studerats:

SHIRAHATA, S., KABAYAMA, S., NAKANO, M., MIURA, T., KUSUMOTO, K., GOTOH, M., HAYASHI, H., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S. u0026amp; KATAKURA, Y. (1997). Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 234, 269-274.
HANAOKA, K., SUN, D. X., LAWRENCE, R., KAMITANI, Y. u0026amp; FERNANDES, G. (2004). The mechanism of the enhanced antioxidant effects against superoxide anion radicals of reduced water produced by electrolysis. Biophysical Chemistry 107, 71-82.
HIRAOKA, A., TAKEMOTO, M., SUZUKI, T., SHINOHARA, A., CHIBA, M., SHIRAO, M. u0026amp; YOSHIMURA, Y. (2004). Studies on the properties and real existence of aqueous solution systems that are assumed to have antioxidant activities by the action of “active hydrogen”‘. Journal of Health Science 50, 456-465.
PARK, E. J. (2005). Protective effect of electrolyzed reduced water on the paraquat-induced oxidative damage of human lymphocyte DNA. Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 48, 155-160.
YANAGIHARA, T., ARAI, K., MIYAMAE, K., SATO, B., SHUDO, T., YAMADA, M. u0026amp; AOYAMA, M. (2005). Electrolyzed hydrogen-saturated water for drinking use elicits an antioxidative effect: a feeding test with rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69, 1985-7.
LEE, M. Y., KIM, Y. K., RYOO, K. K., LEE, Y. B. u0026amp; PARK, E. J. (2006). Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 135, 133-44.
OHSAWA, I., ISHIKAWA, M., TAKAHASHI, K., WATANABE, M., NISHIMAKI, K., YAMAGATA, K., KATSURA, K., KATAYAMA, Y., ASOH, S. u0026amp; OHTA, S. (2007). Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med 13, 688-694.
HANXU YAN, H. T., TAKEKI HAMASAKI, MASUMI ABE, NOBORU NAKAMICHI, KIICHIRO TERUYA, YOSHINORI KATAKURA, SHINKATSU MORISAWA, SANETAKA SHIRAHATA. (2010). electrolyzed reduced water prolongs caenorhabditis elegans lifespan. Animal Cell Technology: Basic u0026amp; Applied Aspects 16, 289-293.
HIRAOKA, A., INABA, H., SUZUKI, E., KASAI, K., SUZUKI, H., SHINOHARA, A., SHIRAO, M., KUBO, K. u0026amp; YOSHIMURA, Y. (2010). In Vitro Physicochemical Properties of Neutral Aqueous Solution Systems (Water Products as Drinks) Containing Hydrogen Gas, 2-Carboxyethyl Germanium Sesquioxide, and Platinum Nanocolloid as Additives. Journal of Health Science 56, 167-174.
YAN, H. X., TIAN, H. Z., KINJO, T., HAMASAKI, T., TOMIMATSU, K., NAKAMICHI, N., TERUYA, K., KABAYAMA, S. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2010). Extension of the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by the Use of Electrolyzed Reduced Water. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 74, 2011-2015.
BERJAK, P., SERSHEN, VARGHESE, B. u0026amp; PAMMENTER, N. W. (2011). Cathodic amelioration of the adverse effects of oxidative stress accompanying procedures necessary for cryopreservation of embryonic axes of recalcitrant-seeded species. Seed Science Research 21, 187-203.
YAN, H., KINJO, T., TIAN, H., HAMASAKI, T., TERUYA, K., KABAYAMA, S. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2011). Mechanism of the lifespan extension of Caenorhabditis elegans by electrolyzed reduced water–participation of Pt nanoparticles. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 75, 1295-9.
PARK, S. K., KIM, J. J., YU, A. R., LEE, M. Y. u0026amp; PARK, S. K. (2012). Electrolyzed-reduced water confers increased resistance to environmental stresses. Molecular u0026amp; Cellular Toxicology 8, 241-247.
JIN, Q., ZHU, K., CUI, W., XIE, Y., HAN, B. u0026amp; SHEN, W. (2013). Hydrogen gas acts as a novel bioactive molecule in enhancing plant tolerance to paraquat-induced oxidative stress via the modulation of heme oxygenase-1 signalling system. Plant Cell and Environment 36, 956-69.
QIAN, L., MEI, K., SHEN, J. u0026amp; CAI, J. (2013). Administration of hydrogen-rich saline protects mice from lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Transplantation 95, 658-62.

HUANG, K. C., YANG, C. C., LEE, K. T. ; CHIEN, C. T. (2003). Reduced hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients by electrolyzed reduced water. Kidney Int 64, 704-14.
HIRAOKA, A., SASAKI, S., YAMADA, T., SHINOHARA, A. ; CHIBA, M. (2006). Effects of drinking a water product with anti-oxidant activities in vitro on the blood levels of biomarker substances for the oxidative stress. Journal of Health Science 52, 817-820.
HUANG, K. C., YANG, C. C., HSU, S. P., LEE, K. T., LIU, H. W., MORISAWA, S., OTSUBO, K. u0026amp; CHIEN, C. T. (2006). Electrolyzed-reduced water reduced hemodialysis-induced erythrocyte impairment in end-stage renal disease patients. Kidney Int 70, 391-8.
LU, K. C., TSENG, C. F., YEUNG, L. K., HSU, S. P. u0026amp; CHIEN, C. T. (2006). Electrolyzed reduced water attenuates hemodialysis-induced mononuclear cells apoptosis in end-stage renal disease patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 21, 200-201.
YEUNG, L. K., LU, K. C., TSENG, C. F., HSU, S. P. & CHIEN, C. T. (2006). Effect of electrolyzed reduced water hemodialysis on peripheral lymphocyte intracellular cytokine expression. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 21, 204-204.
KAJIYAMA, S., HASEGAWA, G., ASANO, M., HOSODA, H., FUKUI, M., NAKAMURA, N., KITAWAKI, J., IMAI, S., NAKANO, K., OHTA, M., ADACHI, T., OBAYASHI, H. u0026amp; YOSHIKAWA, T. (2008). Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Nutrition Research 28, 137–143.
KOYAMA K, T. Y., SAIHARA Y, ANDO D, GOTO Y, KATAYAMA A. (2008). Effect of hydrogen saturated alkaline electrolyzed water on urinary oxidative stress markers after an acute exercise: A randomized controlled trial. Anti-aging Med 4, 117-122.
NAKAYAMA, M., KABAYAMA, S., NAKANO, H., ZHU, W. J., TERAWAKI, H., NAKAYAMA, K., KATOH, K., SATOH, T. & ITO, S. (2009). Biological Effects of Electrolyzed Water in Hemodialysis. Nephron Clinical Practice 112, C9-C15.
HUANG, K. C., HSU, S. P., YANG, C. C., PU, O. Y., LEE, K. T., MORISAWA, S., OTSUBO, K. & CHIEN, C. T. (2010). Electrolysed-reduced water dialysate improves T-cell damage in end-stage renal disease patients with chronic haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25, 2730-2737.
NAKAO, A., TOYODA, Y., SHARMA, P., EVANS, M. & GUTHRIE, N. (2010). Effectiveness of Hydrogen Rich Water on Antioxidant Status of Subjects with Potential Metabolic Syndrome-An Open Label Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 46, 140-149.
NAKAYAMA, M., NAKANO, H., HAMADA, H., ITAMI, N., NAKAZAWA, R. & ITO, S. (2010). A novel bioactive haemodialysis system using dissolved dihydrogen (H-2) produced by water electrolysis: a clinical trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 25, 3026-3033.
ITO, M., IBI, T., SAHASHI, K., ICHIHARA, M. & OHNO, K. (2011). Open-label trial and randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of hydrogen-enriched water for mitochondrial and inflammatory myopathies. Medical Gas Research 1, 24.
KANG, K.-M., KANG, Y.-N., CHOI, I.-B., GU, Y., KAWAMURA, T., TOYODA, Y. & NAKAO, A. (2011). Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors. Medical Gas Research 1, 11.
OSTOJIć, S. M., STOJANOVIć, M. D., CALLEJA-GONZALEZ, J., OBRENOVIć, M. D., VELJOVIć, D., MEđEDOVIć, B., KANOSTREVAC, K., STOJANOVIć, M. & VUKOMANOVIć, B. (2011). Drinks with alkaline negative oxidative reduction potential improve exercise performance in physically active men and women: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of efficacy and safety. Serbian journal of sports sciences 5, 83-89.
AOKI, K., NAKAO, A., ADACHI, T., MATSUI, Y. & MIYAKAWA, S. (2012). Pilot study: Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes. Medical Gas Research 2, 12.
ISHIBASHI, T., SATO, B., RIKITAKE, M., SEO, T., KUROKAWA, R., HARA, Y., NARITOMI, Y., HARA, H. & NAGAO, T. (2012). Consumption of water containing a high concentration of molecular hydrogen reduces oxidative stress and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an open-label pilot study. Medical Gas Research 2, 27.
ONO, H., NISHIJIMA, Y., ADACHI, N., SAKAMOTO, M., KUDO, Y., KANEKO, K., NAKAO, A. & IMAOKA, T. (2012). A basic study on molecular hydrogen (H2) inhalation in acute cerebral ischemia patients for safety check with physiological parameters and measurement of blood H2 level. Medical Gas Research 2, 21.
ONO, H., NISHIJIMA, Y., ADACHI, N., SAKAMOTO, M., KUDO, Y., NAKAZAWA, J., KANEKO, K. & NAKAO, A. (2012). Hydrogen(H2) treatment for acute erythymatous skin diseases. A report of 4 patients with safety data and a non-controlled feasibility study with H2 concentration measurement on two volunteers. Medical Gas Research 2, 14.
MATSUMOTO, S., UEDA, T. & KAKIZAKI, H. (2013). Effect of supplementation with hydrogen-rich water in patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome. Urology 81, 226-30.
P., D., OSTOJIC, S. M., M., S. ; T., A. T. (2013). Hydrogen-Rich Water in Judo Training. . Psycho-Physiological, Spiritual and Ethical Aspects), 129.
SHIN, M. H., PARK, R., NOJIMA, H., KIM, H. C., KIM, Y. K.; CHUNG, J. H. (2013). Atomic Hydrogen Surrounded by Water Molecules, H(H2O)m, Modulates Basal and UV-Induced Gene Expressions in Human Skin In Vivo. PLoS One 8, e61696.
TERAWAKI, H., HAYASHI, Y., ZHU, W. J., MATSUYAMA, Y., TERADA, T., KABAYAMA, S., WATANABE, T., ERA, S., SATO, B. ; NAKAYAMA, M. (2013). Transperitoneal administration of dissolved hydrogen for peritoneal dialysis patients: a novel approach to suppress oxidative stress in the peritoneal cavity. Medical Gas Research 3, 14.
YORITAKA, A., TAKANASHI, M., HIRAYAMA, M., NAKAHARA, T., OHTA, S.: HATTORI, N. (2013). Pilot study of H(2) therapy in Parkinson’s disease: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Movement Disorders.

KIKKAWA, Y. S., NAKAGAWA, T., HORIE, R. T. u0026amp; ITO, J. (2009). Hydrogen protects auditory hair cells from free radicals. Neuroreport 20, 689-94.
OHARAZAWA, H., TSUTOMU IGARASHI, TAKASHI YOKOTA, HIROAKI FUJII, HISAHARU SUZUKI, MITSURU MACHIDE, HIROSHI TAKAHASHI, SHIGEO OHTA, AND IKUROH OHSAWA. (2010). Protection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen: administration of hydrogen-loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury. Investigative ophthalmology u0026amp; visual science 51, 487-492.
OHARAZAWA, H., IGARASHI, T., YOKOTA, T., FUJII, H., SUZUKI, H., MACHIDE, M., TAKAHASHI, H., OHTA, S. u0026amp; OHSAWA, I. (2010). Protection of the Retina by Rapid Diffusion of Hydrogen: Administration of Hydrogen-Loaded Eye Drops in Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Investigative Ophthalmology u0026amp; Visual Science 51, 487-492.
TAURA, A., KIKKAWA, Y. S., NAKAGAWA, T. u0026amp; ITO, J. (2010). Hydrogen protects vestibular hair cells from free radicals. Acta Oto-Laryngologica 130, 95-100.
LIN, Y., KASHIO, A., SAKAMOTO, T., SUZUKAWA, K., KAKIGI, A. u0026amp; YAMASOBA, T. (2011). Hydrogen in drinking water attenuates noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Neuroscience Letters 487, 12-16.
FENG, M., WANG, X. H., YANG, X. B., XIAO, Q. u0026amp; JIANG, F. G. (2012). Protective effect of saturated hydrogen saline against blue light-induced retinal damage in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 5, 151-7.
HUANG, L., ZHAO, S., ZHANG, J. H. u0026amp; SUN, X. (2012). Hydrogen saline treatment attenuates hyperoxia-induced retinopathy by inhibition of oxidative stress and reduction of VEGF expression. Ophthalmic Res 47, 122-7.
QU, J., GAN, Y. N., XIE, K. L., LIU, W. B., WANG, Y. F., HEI, R. Y., MI, W. J. u0026amp; QIU, J. H. (2012). Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates ouabain-induced auditory neuropathy in gerbils. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 33, 445-451.
QU, J., LI, X., WANG, J., MI, W., XIE, K. u0026amp; QIU, J. (2012). Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates cisplatin-induced ototoxicity via reducing oxidative stress. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 76, 111-5.
ZHOU, Y., ZHENG, H., RUAN, F., CHEN, X., ZHENG, G., KANG, M., ZHANG, Q. u0026amp; SUN, X. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline alleviates experimental noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Neuroscience 209, 47-53.

WATANABE, T., KISHIKAWA, Y. u0026amp; SHIRAI, W. (1997). Influence of alkaline ionized water on rat erythrocyte hexokinase activity and myocardium. J Toxicol Sci 22, 141-52.
WATANABE, T. u0026amp; KISHIKAWA, Y. (1998). Degradation of myocardiac myosin and creatine kinase in rats given alkaline ionized water. J Vet Med Sci 60, 245-50.
WATANABE, T., SHIRAI, W., PAN, I., FUKUDA, Y., MURASUGI, E., SATO, T., KAMATA, H. u0026amp; UWATOKO, K. (1998). Histopathological influence of alkaline ionized water on myocardial muscle of mother rats. J Toxicol Sci 23, 411-7.
QIAN, L. R., CAO, F., CUI, J. G., WANG, Y. C., HUANG, Y. C., CHUAI, Y. H., ZAHO, L. Q., JIANG, H. u0026amp; CAI, J. M. (2010). The Potential Cardioprotective Effects of Hydrogen in Irradiated Mice. Journal of Radiation Research 51, 741-747.
HAYASHI, T., YOSHIOKA, T., HASEGAWA, K., MIYAMURA, M., MORI, T., UKIMURA, A., MATSUMURA, Y. u0026amp; ISHIZAKA, N. (2011). Inhalation of hydrogen gas attenuates left ventricular remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice. American Journal of Physiology – Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, H1062-9.
KASUYAMA, K., TOMOFUJI, T., EKUNI, D., TAMAKI, N., AZUMA, T., IRIE, K., ENDO, Y. u0026amp; MORITA, M. (2011). Hydrogen-rich water attenuates experimental periodontitis in a rat model. J Clin Periodontol 38, 1085-90.
HAYASHIDA, K., SANO, M., KAMIMURA, N., YOKOTA, T., SUZUKI, M., MAEKAWA, Y., KAWAMURA, A., ABE, T., OHTA, S., FUKUDA, K. u0026amp; HORI, S. (2012). H(2) gas improves functional outcome after cardiac arrest to an extent comparable to therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model. J Am Heart Assoc 1, e003459.
NODA, K., TANAKA, Y., SHIGEMURA, N., KAWAMURA, T., WANG, Y., MASUTANI, K., SUN, X., TOYODA, Y., BERMUDEZ, C. A. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2012). Hydrogen-supplemented drinking water protects cardiac allografts from inflammation-associated deterioration. Transpl Int 25, 1213-22.
QIN, Z. X., YU, P., QIAN, D. H., SONG, M. B., TAN, H., YU, Y., LI, W., WANG, H., LIU, J., WANG, Q., SUN, X. J., JIANG, H., ZHU, J. K., LU, W. u0026amp; HUANG, L. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline prevents neointima formation after carotid balloon injury by suppressing ROS and the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway. Atherosclerosis 220, 343-50.
SAKAI, K., CHO, S., SHIBATA, I., YOSHITOMI, O., MAEKAWA, T. u0026amp; SUMIKAWA, K. (2012). Inhalation of hydrogen gas protects against myocardial stunning and infarction in swine. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal 46, 183-9.
SUN, Q., KAWAMURA, T., MASUTANI, K., PENG, X., STOLZ, D. B., PRIBIS, J. P., BILLIAR, T. R., SUN, X., BERMUDEZ, C. A., TOYODA, Y. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2012). Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts in rats. Cardiovasc Res 94, 144-53.
YOSHIDA, A., ASANUMA, H., SASAKI, H., SANADA, S., YAMAZAKI, S., ASANO, Y., SHINOZAKI, Y., MORI, H., SHIMOUCHI, A., SANO, M., ASAKURA, M., MINAMINO, T., TAKASHIMA, S., SUGIMACHI, M., MOCHIZUKI, N. u0026amp; KITAKAZE, M. (2012). H(2) mediates cardioprotection via involvements of K(ATP) channels and permeability transition pores of mitochondria in dogs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 26, 217-26.
FUJII, Y., SHIRAI, M., INAMORI, S., SHIMOUCHI, A., SONOBE, T., TSUCHIMOCHI, H., PEARSON, J. T., TAKEWA, Y., TATSUMI, E. u0026amp; TAENAKA, Y. (2013). Insufflation of hydrogen gas restrains the inflammatory response of cardiopulmonary bypass in a rat model. Artif Organs 37, 136-41.
NAGATANI, K., TAKEUCHI, S., KOBAYASHI, H., OTANI, N., WADA, K., FUJITA, M., NAWASHIRO, H., TACHIBANA, S. SHIMA, K. (2013). The Effect of Hydrogen Gas on a Mouse Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion. Brain Edema XV Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement

T. KASHIWAGI, T. H., S. KABAYAMA, M. TAKAKI, K. TERUYA, Y. KATAKURA, K. OTUBO, S. MORISAWA, S. SHIRAHATA. (2005). Suppression of Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Neuronal Cells by Electrolyzed-Reduced Water. Animal Cell Technology Meets Genomics 2, 257-260.
NAKAO, A., KACZOROWSKI, D. J., ZUCKERBRAUN, B. S., LEI, J., FALEO, G., DEGUCHI, K., MCCURRY, K. R., BILLIAR, T. R. u0026amp; KANNO, S. (2008). Galantamine and carbon monoxide protect brain microvascular endothelial cells by heme oxygenase-1 induction. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 367, 674-9.
SATO, Y., KAJIYAMA, S., AMANO, A., KONDO, Y., SASAKI, T., HANDA, S., TAKAHASHI, R., FUKUI, M., HASEGAWA, G., NAKAMURA, N., FUJINAWA, H., MORI, T., OHTA, M., OBAYASHI, H., MARUYAMA, N. u0026amp; ISHIGAMI, A. (2008). Hydrogen-rich pure water prevents superoxide formation in brain slices of vitamin C-depleted SMP30/GNL knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375, 346-350.
FU, Y., ITO, M., FUJITA, Y., ITO, M., ICHIHARA, M., MASUDA, A., SUZUKI, Y., MAESAWA, S., KAJITA, Y., HIRAYAMA, M., OHSAWA, I., OHTA, S. u0026amp; OHNO, K. (2009). Molecular hydrogen is protective against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal degeneration in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience Letters 453, 81–85.
FUJITA, K., SEIKE, T., YUTSUDO, N., OHNO, M., YAMADA, H., YAMAGUCHI, H., SAKUMI, K., YAMAKAWA, Y., KIDO, M. A., TAKAKI, A., KATAFUCHI, T., TANAKA, Y., NAKABEPPU, Y. u0026amp; NODA, M. (2009). Hydrogen in drinking water reduces dopaminergic neuronal loss in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 4, e7247.
KUROKI, C., TOKUMARU, O., OGATA, K., KOGA, H. u0026amp; YOKOI, I. (2009). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen gas on brain in three types of stress models: alpha P-31-NMR study. Neuroscience Research 65, S124-S124.
NAGATA, K., NAKASHIMA-KAMIMURA, N., MIKAMI, T., OHSAWA, I. u0026amp; OHTA, S. (2009). Consumption of Molecular Hydrogen Prevents the Stress-Induced Impairments in Hippocampus-Dependent Learning Tasks during Chronic Physical Restraint in Mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 34, 501-508.
BARI, F., OLAH, O., NEMETH, I., HUGYECZ, M. u0026amp; DOMOKI, F. (2010). Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas Protects Cerebrovascular Reactivity Against Moderate but Not Severe Perinatal Hypoxic Injury in Newborn Piglets. Stroke 41, E323-E323.
DOMOKI, F., OLAH, O., ZIMMERMANN, A., NEMETH, I., TOTH-SZUKI, V., HUGYECZ, M., TEMESVARI, P. u0026amp; BART, F. (2010). Hydrogen is Neuroprotective and Preserves Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Asphyxiated Newborn Pigs. Pediatric Research 68, 387-392.
GU, Y., HUANG, C. S., INOUE, T., YAMASHITA, T., ISHIDA, T., KANG, K. M. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2010). Drinking Hydrogen Water Ameliorated Cognitive Impairment in Senescence-Accelerated Mice. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 46, 269-276.
JI, X., LIU, W., XIE, K., QU, Y., CHAO, X., CHEN, T., ZHOU, J. u0026amp; FEI, Z. (2010). Beneficial effects of hydrogen gas in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via reducing oxidative stress. Brain Research 1354, 196-205.
LI, J., WANG, C., ZHANG, J. H., CAI, J. M., CAO, Y. P. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2010). Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Res 1328, 152-161.
UEDA, Y., NAKAJIMA, A. u0026amp; OIKAWA, T. (2010). Hydrogen-Related Enhancement of In Vivo Antioxidant Ability in the Brain of Rats Fed Coral Calcium Hydride. Neurochemical Research 35, 1510-1515.
YOKOI, I. (2010). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen gas on brain in three types of stress models: a P-31 NMR and ESR study. Neuroscience Research 68, E320-E320.
ECKERMANN, J. M., CHEN, W., JADHAV, V., HSU, F. P., COLOHAN, A. R., TANG, J. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. H. (2011). Hydrogen is neuroprotective against surgically induced brain injury. Medical Gas Research 1, 7.
HUGYECZ, M., MRACSKO, E., HERTELENDY, P., FARKAS, E., DOMOKI, F. u0026amp; BARI, F. (2011). Hydrogen supplemented air inhalation reduces changes of prooxidant enzyme and gap junction protein levels after transient global cerebral ischemia in the rat hippocampus. Brain Research 1404, 31-8.
KOBAYASHI, H., OTANI, N., NAWASHIRO, H., SHIMA, K., SUZUKI, S. u0026amp; UENOYAMA, M. (2011). Effects of Hydrogen Gas in a Mouse Cold Induced Brain Injury Model. Journal of Neurotrauma 28, A64-A64.
KUROKI, C., TOKUMARU, O., OGATA, K. u0026amp; YOKOI, I. (2011). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen gas on brain in three types of stress models: A P-31-NMR and ESR study. Neuroscience Research 71, E406-E406.
LIU, W., CHEN, O., CHEN, C., WU, B., TANG, J. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. H. (2011). Protective effects of hydrogen on fetal brain injury during maternal hypoxia. Acta Neurochir Suppl 111, 307-11.
MANAENKO, A., LEKIC, T., MA, Q., OSTROWSKI, R. P., ZHANG, J. H. u0026amp; TANG, J. (2011). Hydrogen inhalation is neuroprotective and improves functional outcomes in mice after intracerebral hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl 111, 179-83.
ONO, H., NISHIJIMA, Y., ADACHI, N., TACHIBANA, S., CHITOKU, S., MUKAIHARA, S., SAKAMOTO, M., KUDO, Y., NAKAZAWA, J., KANEKO, K. u0026amp; NAWASHIRO, H. (2011). Improved brain MRI indices in the acute brain stem infarct sites treated with hydroxyl radical scavengers, Edaravone and hydrogen, as compared to Edaravone alone. A non-controlled study. Medical Gas Research 1, 12.
SHEN, L., WANG, J., LIU, K., WANG, C., WU, H., SUN, Q., SUN, X. u0026amp; JING, H. (2011). Hydrogen-rich saline is cerebroprotective in a rat model of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Neurochemical Research 36, 1501-11.
SUN, Q., CAI, J., ZHOU, J., TAO, H., ZHANG, J. H., ZHANG, W. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2011). Hydrogen-rich saline reduces delayed neurologic sequelae in experimental carbon monoxide toxicity. Critical Care Medicine 39, 765-9.
WANG, C., LI, J., LIU, Q., YANG, R., ZHANG, J. H., CAO, Y. P. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2011). Hydrogen-rich saline reduces oxidative stress and inflammation by inhibit of JNK and NF-kappaB activation in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience Letters 491, 127-32.
YAN, H., KASHIWAKI, T., HAMASAKI, T., KINJO, T., TERUYA, K., KABAYAMA, S. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2011). The neuroprotective effects of electrolyzed reduced water and its model water containing molecular hydrogen and Pt nanoparticles. BMC Proc 5 Suppl 8, P69.
HOU, Z., LUO, W., SUN, X., HAO, S., ZHANG, Y., XU, F., WANG, Z. u0026amp; LIU, B. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against oxidative damage and cognitive deficits after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 88, 560-5.
ITO, M., HIRAYAMA, M., YAMAI, K., GOTO, S., ICHIHARA, M. u0026amp; OHNO, K. (2012). Drinking hydrogen water and intermittent hydrogen gas exposure, but not lactulose or continuous hydrogen gas exposure, prevent 6-hydorxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s disease in rats. Med Gas Res 2, 15.
JI, X., TIAN, Y., XIE, K., LIU, W., QU, Y. u0026amp; FEI, Z. (2012). Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline in a rat model of traumatic brain injury via reducing oxidative stress. Journal of Surgical Research 178, e9-16.
SPULBER, S., EDOFF, K., HONG, L., MORISAWA, S., SHIRAHATA, S. u0026amp; CECCATELLI, S. (2012). Molecular hydrogen reduces LPS-induced neuroinflammation and promotes recovery from sickness behaviour in mice. PLoS One 7, e42078.
WANG, W., LI, Y., REN, J., XIA, F., LI, J. u0026amp; ZHANG, Z. (2012). Hydrogen rich saline reduces immune-mediated brain injury in rats with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Neurological Research 34, 1007-15.
ZHAN, Y., CHEN, C., SUZUKI, H., HU, Q., ZHI, X. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. H. (2012). Hydrogen gas ameliorates oxidative stress in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Critical Care Medicine 40, 1291-6.
ZHOU, J., CHEN, Y., HUANG, G. Q., LI, J., WU, G. M., LIU, L., BAI, Y. P. u0026amp; WANG, J. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline reverses oxidative stress, cognitive impairment, and mortality in rats submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. Journal of Surgical Research 178, 390-400.
ZHUANG, Z., ZHOU, M. L., YOU, W. C., ZHU, L., MA, C. Y., SUN, X. J. u0026amp; SHI, J. X. (2012). Hydrogen-rich saline alleviates early brain injury via reducing oxidative stress and brain edema following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. BMC Neurosci 13, 47.
FENG, Y., WANG, R., XU, J., SUN, J., XU, T., GU, Q. u0026amp; WU, X. (2013). Hydrogen-rich saline prevents early neurovascular dysfunction resulting from inhibition of oxidative stress in STZ-diabetic rats. Curr Eye Res 38, 396-404.
MANAENKO, A., LEKIC, T., MA, Q., ZHANG, J. H. u0026amp; TANG, J. (2013). Hydrogen inhalation ameliorated mast cell-mediated brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Critical Care Medicine 41, 1266-75.
YONAMINE, R., SATOH, Y., KODAMA, M., ARAKI, Y. u0026amp; KAZAMA, T. (2013). Coadministration of hydrogen gas as part of the carrier gas mixture suppresses neuronal apoptosis and subsequent behavioral deficits caused by neonatal exposure to sevoflurane in mice. Anesthesiology 118, 105-13.

MR TAKAAKI KOMATSU, S. K., AKIRA HAYASHIDA, HIROFUMA NOGAMI, DR KIICHIRO TERUYA, YOSHINORI KATAKURA, KAZUMITI OTSUBO, SHINKATSU MORISAWA, PROF SANETAKA SHIRAHATA. (2001). Suppressive Effect of Electrolyzed-Reduced Water on the Growth of Cancer Cells and Microorganisms. Animal Cell Technology: From Target to Market 1, 220-223.
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KOMATSU, T., KATAKURA, Y., TERUYA, K., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S., u0026amp; u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2003). Electrolyzed reduced water induces differentiation in K-562 human leukemia cells. Animal cell technology: Basic u0026amp; applied aspects, 387-391.
JUN, Y., TERUYA, K., KATAKURA, Y., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2004). Suppression of invasion of cancer cells and angiogenesis by electrolyzed reduced water. In Vitro Cellular u0026amp; Developmental Biology-Animal 40, 79A-79A.
LEE, K.-J. (2004). Anticancer Effect of Alkaline Reduced Water. J Int Soc Life Inf Sci 22, 302-305.
NISHIKAWA, R., TERUYA, K., KATAKURA, Y., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2004). Suppression of two-stage cell transformation by electrolyzed reduced water/platinum nanocolloids. In Vitro Cellular u0026amp; Developmental Biology-Animal 40, 79A-79A.
NISHIKAWA, R., TERUYA, K., KATAKURA, Y., OSADA, K., HAMASAKI, T., KASHIWAGI, T., KOMATSU, T., LI, Y., YE, J., ICHIKAWA, A., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S., XU, Q. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2005). Electrolyzed Reduced Water Supplemented with Platinum Nanoparticles Suppresses Promotion of Two-stage Cell Transformation. Cytotechnology 47, 97-105.
RYUHEI NISHIKAWA, F. O. A. K. T., YOSHINORI KATAKURA, KAZUMICHI OTSUBO, SHINKATSU MORISAWA, QIANGHUA XU, SANETAKA SHIRAHATA. (2006). Suppression of two-stage cell transformation by electrolyzed reduced water containing platinum nanoparticles. Animal Cell Technology: Basic u0026amp; Applied Aspects 14.
SAITOH, Y., OKAYASU, H., XIAO, L., HARATA, Y. u0026amp; MIWA, N. (2008). Neutral pH Hydrogen-Enriched Electrolyzed Water Achieves Tumor-Preferential Clonal Growth Inhibition Over Normal Cells and Tumor Invasion Inhibition Concurrently With Intracellular Oxidant Repression. Oncology Research 17, 247-255.
YE, J., LI, Y., HAMASAKI, T., NAKAMICHI, N., KOMATSU, T., KASHIWAGI, T., TERUYA, K., NISHIKAWA, R., KAWAHARA, T., OSADA, K., TOH, K., ABE, M., TIAN, H., KABAYAMA, S., OTSUBO, K., MORISAWA, S., KATAKURA, Y. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2008). Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis. Biological u0026amp; Pharmaceutical Bulletin 31, 19-26.
SAITOH, Y., YOSHIMURA, Y., NAKANO, K. u0026amp; MIWA, N. (2009). Platinum nanocolloid-supplemented hydrogen dissolved water inhibits growth of human tongue carcinoma cells preferentially over normal cells. Exp Oncol 31, 156-62.
TSAI, C. F., HSU, Y. W., CHEN, W. K., HO, Y. C. u0026amp; LU, F. J. (2009). Enhanced induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells due to electrolyzed-reduced water and glutathione. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73, 280-7.
ASADA, R., KAGEYAMA, K., TANAKA, H., MATSUI, H., KIMURA, M., SAITOH, Y. u0026amp; MIWA, N. (2010). Antitumor effects of nano-bubble hydrogen-dissolved water are enhanced by coexistent platinum colloid and the combined hyperthermia with apoptosis-like cell death. Oncol Rep 24, 1463-70.
KENSUKE NAKANISHI, T. H., TAKURO NAKAMURA,, MASUMI ABE, K. T., YOSHINORI KATAKURA, u0026amp; SHINKATSU MORISAWA, A. S. S. (2010). growth suppression of HL60 and L6 cells by atomic hydrogen.
MATSUSHITA, T., KUSAKABE, Y., KITAMURA, A., OKADA, S. u0026amp; MURASE, K. (2011). Investigation of protective effect of hydrogen-rich water against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using blood oxygenation level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging. Jpn J Radiol 29, 503-12.
AKIO KAGAWA, K. K., MASAYUKI MIZUMOTO, YUTAKA TAGAWA, YOICHI MASIKO. (2012). Influence of Hydrogen Discharged from Palladium Base Hydrogen Storage Alloys on Cancer Cells. Materials Science Forum 706, 520-525.
KINJO, T., YE, J., YAN, H. X., HAMASAKI, T., NAKANISHI, H., TOH, K., NAKAMICHI, N., KABAYAMA, S., TERUYA, K. u0026amp; SHIRAHATA, S. (2012). Suppressive effects of electrochemically reduced water on matrix metalloproteinase-2 activities and in vitro invasion of human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. Cytotechnology 64, 357-371.
MAKOTO MATSUZAKI, A. K., AIKO MOTOISHI, KUNIHIKO TANAKA, MASATAKA YAMAMOTO, YUTAKA TAGAWA. (2013). Mechanism of Cancer Cell Death Induced by Hydrogen Discharged from Palladium Base Hydrogen Storage Alloy. Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
KANG, K.-M., KANG, Y.-N., CHOI, I.-B., GU, Y., KAWAMURA, T., TOYODA, Y. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2011). Effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on the quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy for liver tumors. Medical Gas Research 1, 11.
NAKASHIMA-KAMIMURA, N., MORI, T., OHSAWA, I., ASOH, S. u0026amp; OHTA, S. (2009). Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol.

KAWASAKI, H., GUAN, J. J. u0026amp; TAMAMA, K. (2010). Hydrogen gas treatment prolongs replicative lifespan of bone marrow multipotential stromal cells in vitro while preserving differentiation and paracrine potentials. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 397, 608-613.
FUJITA, R., TANAKA, Y., SAIHARA, Y., YAMAKITA, M., ANDO, D. u0026amp; KOYAMA, K. (2011). Effect of molecular hydrogen saturated alkaline electrolyzed water on disuse muscle atrophy in gastrocnemius muscle. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 30, 195-201.
HANAOKA, T., KAMIMURA, N., YOKOTA, T., TAKAI, S. u0026amp; OHTA, S. (2011). Molecular hydrogen protects chondrocytes from oxidative stress and indirectly alters gene expressions through reducing peroxynitrite derived from nitric oxide. Medical Gas Research 1, 18.
ITOH, T., HAMADA, N., TERAZAWA, R., ITO, M., OHNO, K., ICHIHARA, M. u0026amp; NOZAWA, Y. (2011). Molecular hydrogen inhibits lipopolysaccharide/interferon gamma-induced nitric oxide production through modulation of signal transduction in macrophages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 411, 143-9.
KUBOTA, M., SHIMMURA, S., KUBOTA, S., MIYASHITA, H., KATO, N., NODA, K., OZAWA, Y., USUI, T., ISHIDA, S., UMEZAWA, K., KURIHARA, T. u0026amp; TSUBOTA, K. (2011). Hydrogen and N-acetyl-L-cysteine rescue oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali-burn model. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 52, 427-33.
LEKIC, T., MANAENKO, A., ROLLAND, W., FATHALI, N., PETERSON, M., TANG, J. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. H. (2011). Protective effect of hydrogen gas therapy after germinal matrix hemorrhage in neonatal rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl 111, 237-41.
TAKEUCHI, S., WADA, K., NAGATANI, K., OSADA, H., OTANI, N. u0026amp; NAWASHIRO, H. (2012). Hydrogen may inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation: an ex vivo and in vivo study. Internal Medicine 51, 1309-13.
XU, Z., ZHOU, J., CAI, J., ZHU, Z., SUN, X. u0026amp; JIANG, C. (2012). Anti-inflammation effects of hydrogen saline in LPS activated macrophages and carrageenan induced paw oedema. J Inflamm (Lond) 9, 2.
CAI, W. W., ZHANG, M. H., YU, Y. S. u0026amp; CAI, J. H. (2013). Treatment with hydrogen molecule alleviates TNFalpha-induced cell injury in osteoblast. Mol Cell Biochem 373, 1-9.
10. GUO, J. D., LI, L., SHI, Y. M., WANG, H. D. u0026amp; HOU, S. X. (2013). Hydrogen water consumption prevents osteopenia in ovariectomized rats. Br J Pharmacol 168, 1412-20.
11. SUN, Y., SHUANG, F., CHEN, D. M. u0026amp; ZHOU, R. B. (2013). Treatment of hydrogen molecule abates oxidative stress and alleviates bone loss induced by modeled microgravity in rats. Osteoporos Int24, 969-78.

NAKAYAMA, M., KABAYAMA, S., TERAWAKI, H., NAKAYAMA, K., KATO, K., SATO, T. u0026amp; ITO, S. (2007). Less-oxidative hemodialysis solution rendered by cathode-side application of electrolyzed water. Hemodial Int 11, 322-7.
YUSUKE OHSAKI1, T. M., 2, YOSHIMI YONEKI1, SATOSHI ENDO1, TAKUMA HOSOYA1, WANJUN ZHU3, MASAAKI NAKAYAMA3 AND SADAYOSHI ITO1. (2008). Electrolyzed water reduces urinary protein excretion in the streptozotocin induced diabetic Dahl salt sensitive rats. The FASEB Journal.
CARDINAL, J. S., ZHAN, J., WANG, Y., SUGIMOTO, R., TSUNG, A., MCCURRY, K. R., BILLIAR, T. R. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2010). Oral hydrogen water prevents chronic allograft nephropathy in rats. Kidney International 77, 101-9.
KITAMURA, A., KOBAYASHI, S., MATSUSHITA, T., FUJINAWA, H. u0026amp; MURASE, K. (2010). Experimental verification of protective effect of hydrogen-rich water against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using dynamic contrast-enhanced CT. British Journal of Radiology 83, 509-514.
MATSUSHITA, T., KUSAKABE, Y., KITAMURA, A., OKADA, S. u0026amp; MURASE, K. (2011). Protective effect of hydrogen-rich water against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats using blood oxygenation level-dependent MR imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 10, 169-76.
KATAKURA, M., HASHIMOTO, M., TANABE, Y. u0026amp; SHIDO, O. (2012). Hydrogen-rich water inhibits glucose and alpha,beta -dicarbonyl compound-induced reactive oxygen species production in the SHR.Cg-Leprcp/NDmcr rat kidney. Medical Gas Research 2, 18.
KATO, S., HOKAMA, R., OKAYASU, H., SAITOH, Y., IWAI, K. u0026amp; MIWA, N. (2012). Colloidal platinum in hydrogen-rich water exhibits radical-scavenging activity and improves blood fluidity. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12, 4019-27.

GHARIB, B., HANNA, S., ABDALLAHI, O. M., LEPIDI, H., GARDETTE, B. u0026amp; DE REGGI, M. (2001). Anti-inflammatory properties of molecular hydrogen: investigation on parasite-induced liver inflammation. C R Acad Sci III 324, 719-724.
ITOH, T., FUJITA, Y., ITO, M., MASUDA, A., OHNO, K., ICHIHARA, M., KOJIMA, T., NOZAWA, Y. u0026amp; ITO, M. (2009). Molecular hydrogen suppresses FcepsilonRI-mediated signal transduction and prevents degranulation of mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 389, 651-6.
KAJIYA, M., SATO, K., SILVA, M. J., OUHARA, K., DO, P. M., SHANMUGAM, K. T. u0026amp; KAWAI, T. (2009). Hydrogen from intestinal bacteria is protective for Concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 386, 316-21.
PARK, S. K., QI, X. F., SONG, S. B., KIM, D. H., TENG, Y. C., YOON, Y. S., KIM, K. Y., LI, J. H., JIN, D. u0026amp; LEE, K. J. (2009). Electrolyzed-reduced water inhibits acute ethanol-induced hangovers in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biomed Res 30, 263-9.
TSAI, C. F., HSU, Y. W., CHEN, W. K., CHANG, W. H., YEN, C. C., HO, Y. C. u0026amp; LU, F. J. (2009). Hepatoprotective effect of electrolyzed reduced water against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 47, 2031-6.
LIU, Q., SHEN, W. F., SUN, H. Y., FAN, D. F., NAKAO, A., CAI, J. M., YAN, G., ZHOU, W. P., SHEN, R. X., YANG, J. M. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2010). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against liver injury in rats with obstructive jaundice. Liver International 30, 958-968.
SHEN, M. H., HE, J. A., CAI, J. M., SUN, Q. A., SUN, X. J. u0026amp; HUO, Z. L. (2010). Hydrogen as a novel and effective treatment of acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Medical Hypotheses 75, 235-237.
SUN, H., CHEN, L., ZHOU, W., HU, L., LI, L., TU, Q., CHANG, Y., LIU, Q., SUN, X., WU, M. u0026amp; WANG, H. (2011). The protective role of hydrogen-rich saline in experimental liver injury in mice. Journal of Hepatology 54, 471-80.
XIANG, L., TAN, J. W., HUANG, L. J., JIA, L., LIU, Y. Q., ZHAO, Y. Q., WANG, K. u0026amp; DONG, J. H. (2012). Inhalation of hydrogen gas reduces liver injury during major hepatotectomy in swine. World Journal of Gastroenterology 18, 5197-5204.
KOYAMA, Y., TAURA, K., HATANO, E., TANABE, K., YAMAMOTO, G., NAKAMURA, K., YAMANAKA, K., KITAMURA, K., NARITA, M., NAGATA, H., YANAGIDA, A., IIDA, T., IWAISAKO, K., FUJINAWA, H. u0026amp; UEMOTO, S. (2013). Effects of Oral Intake of Hydrogen Water on Liver Fibrogenesis in Mice. Hepatol Res.
LIU, G. D., ZHANG, H., WANG, L., HAN, Q., ZHOU, S. F. u0026amp; LIU, P. (2013). Molecular hydrogen regulates the expression of miR-9, miR-21 and miR-199 in LPS-activated retinal microglia cells. Int J Ophthalmol 6, 280-5.
WANG, W., TIAN, L., LI, Y., WANG, X., XIA, F., LI, L., LI, J. u0026amp; ZHANG, Z. (2013). Effects of hydrogen-rich saline on rats with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Journal of Emergency Medicine 44, 107-15.

HUANG, C. S., KAWAMURA, T., LEE, S., TOCHIGI, N., SHIGEMURA, N., BUCHHOLZ, B. M., KLOKE, J. D., BILLIAR, T. R., TOYODA, Y. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2010). Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates ventilator-induced lung injury. Critical Care 14, R234.
QIU, X. C., JIN, Y. C., SUN, Y., LUO, P. F., FU, J. F., CHEN, B. u0026amp; XIA, Z. F. (2010). [Effect of hydrogen-rich saline on blood pressure and antioxidant ability of lung tissue in scalded rats following delayed resuscitation]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 26, 435-8.
ZHENG, J., LIU, K., KANG, Z. M., CAI, J. M., LIU, W. W., XU, W. G., LI, R. P., TAO, H. Y., ZHANG, J. H. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2010). Saturated hydrogen saline protects the lung against oxygen toxicity. Undersea u0026amp; Hyperbaric Medicine 37, 185-192.
FANG, Y., FU, X. J., GU, C., XU, P., WANG, Y., YU, W. R., SUN, Q., SUN, X. J. u0026amp; YAO, M. (2011). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against acute lung injury induced by extensive burn in rat model. Journal of Burn Care and Research 32, e82-91.
HUANG, C. S., KAWAMURA, T., PENG, X., TOCHIGI, N., SHIGEMURA, N., BILLIAR, T. R., NAKAO, A. u0026amp; TOYODA, Y. (2011). Hydrogen inhalation reduced epithelial apoptosis in ventilator-induced lung injury via a mechanism involving nuclear factor-kappa B activation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 408, 253-8.
LIU, S., LIU, K., SUN, Q., LIU, W., XU, W., DENOBLE, P., TAO, H. u0026amp; SUN, X. (2011). Consumption of hydrogen water reduces paraquat-induced acute lung injury in rats. Journal of Biomedicine u0026amp; Biotechnology 2011, 305086.
QIU, X., LI, H., TANG, H., JIN, Y., LI, W., YUSUN, PINGFENG, SUN, X. u0026amp; XIA, Z. (2011). Hydrogen inhalation ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 11, 2130-7.
SUN, Q. A., CAI, J. M., LIU, S. L., LIU, Y., XU, W. G., TAO, H. Y. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2011). Hydrogen-Rich Saline Provides Protection Against Hyperoxic Lung Injury. Journal of Surgical Research 165, E43-E49.
TERASAKI, Y., OHSAWA, I., TERASAKI, M., TAKAHASHI, M., KUNUGI, S., DEDONG, K., URUSHIYAMA, H., AMENOMORI, S., KANEKO-TOGASHI, M., KUWAHARA, N., ISHIKAWA, A., KAMIMURA, N., OHTA, S. u0026amp; FUKUDA, Y. (2011). Hydrogen therapy attenuates irradiation-induced lung damage by reducing oxidative stress. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 301, L415-26.
LIANG, C., LIU, X., LIU, L. u0026amp; HE, D. (2012). [Effect of hydrogen inhalation on p38 MAPK activation in rats with lipopolysaccharide- induced acute lung injury]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 32, 1211-3.
SHI, J., YAO, F., ZHONG, C., PAN, X., YANG, Y. u0026amp; LIN, Q. (2012). Hydrogen saline is protective for acute lung ischaemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Heart Lung Circ 21, 556-63.
XIE, K., YU, Y., HUANG, Y., ZHENG, L., LI, J., CHEN, H., HAN, H., HOU, L., GONG, G. u0026amp; WANG, G. (2012). Molecular hydrogen ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice through reducing inflammation and apoptosis. Shock 37, 548-55.
KAWAMURA, T., WAKABAYASHI, N., SHIGEMURA, N., HUANG, C. S., MASUTANI, K., TANAKA, Y., NODA, K., PENG, X., TAKAHASHI, T., BILLIAR, T. R., OKUMURA, M., TOYODA, Y., KENSLER, T. W. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2013). Hydrogen gas reduces hyperoxic lung injury via the Nrf2 pathway in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304, L646-56.
LIU, W., SHAN, L. P., DONG, X. S., LIU, X. W., MA, T. u0026amp; LIU, Z. (2013). Combined early fluid resuscitation and hydrogen inhalation attenuates lung and intestine injury. World J Gastroenterol 19, 492-502.
XIAO, M., ZHU, T., WANG, T. u0026amp; WEN, F. Q. (2013). Hydrogen-rich saline reduces airway remodeling via inactivation of NF-kappaB in a murine model of asthma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 17, 1033-43.

FUKUDA, K., ASOH, S., ISHIKAWA, M., YAMAMOTO, Y., OHSAWA, I. u0026amp; OHTA, S. (2007). Inhalation of hydrogen gas suppresses hepatic injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion through reducing oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361, 670-674.
CAI, J., KANG, Z., LIU, W. W., LUO, X., QIANG, S., ZHANG, J. H., OHTA, S., SUN, X., XU, W., TAO, H. u0026amp; LI, R. (2008). Hydrogen therapy reduces apoptosis in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. Neurosci Lett 441, 167-172.
HAYASHIDA, K., SANO, M., KIMURA, K., ENDO, J., KATAYAMA, T., TOKUDOME, S., ONIZUKA, T., YUASA, S., KAWAMURA, A., OGAWA, S. u0026amp; FUKUDA, K. (2008). Inhalation of hydrogen gas protects the heart from ischemic reperfusion injury. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, A375-A375.
HAYASHIDA, K., SANO, M., OHSAWA, I., SHINMURA, K., TAMAKI, K., KIMURA, K., ENDO, J., KATAYAMA, T., KAWAMURA, A., KOHSAKA, S., MAKINO, S., OHTA, S., OGAWA, S. u0026amp; FUKUDA, K. (2008). Inhalation of hydrogen gas reduces infarct size in the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 373, 30-35.
HAYASHIDA, K., SANO, M., OHSAWA, I., SHINMURA, K., TAMAKI, K., KIMURA, K., ENDO, J., OHTA, S., FUKUDA, K. u0026amp; OGAWA, S. (2008). Inhalation of hydrogen gas reduces infarct size in the rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Journal of Cardiac Failure 14, S168-S168.
KUROKI, C., TOKUMARU, O., OGATA, K. u0026amp; YOKOI, I. (2008). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen gas on brain in hypoxic stress model and ischemia-reperfusion model: A P-31 NMR study. Neuroscience Research 61, S274-S274.
CAI, J. M., KANG, Z. M., LIU, K., LIU, W. W., LI, R. P., ZHANG, J. H., LUO, X. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2009). Neuroprotective effects of hydrogen saline in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat model. Brain Res 1256, 129-137.
KUROKI, C., TOKUMARU, O., OGATA, K., KOGA, H. u0026amp; YOKOI, I. (2009). Neuroprotective Effects of Hydrogen Gas on Brain in Ischemia-Reperfusion Model: A P-31-Nmr Study. Journal of Physiological Sciences 59, 371-371.
MAO, Y. F., ZHENG, X. F., CAI, J. M., YOU, X. M., DENG, X. M., ZHANG, J. H., JIANG, L. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2009). Hydrogen-rich saline reduces lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 381, 602-5.
MATCHETT, G. A., FATHALI, N., HASEGAWA, Y., JADHAV, V., OSTROWSKI, R. P., MARTIN, R. D., DOROTTA, I. R., SUN, X. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. H. (2009). Hydrogen gas is ineffective in moderate and severe neonatal hypoxia-ischemia rat models. Brain Research 1259, 90-7.
SUN, Q., KANG, Z. M., CAI, J. M., LIU, W. W., LIU, Y., ZHANG, J. H., DENOBLE, P. J., TAO, H. Y. u0026amp; SUN, X. J. (2009). Hydrogen-Rich Saline Protects Myocardium Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine 234, 1212-1219.
ZHENG, X., MAO, Y., CAI, J., LI, Y., LIU, W., SUN, P., ZHANG, J. H., SUN, X. u0026amp; YUAN, H. (2009). Hydrogen-rich saline protects against intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Free Radic Res 43, 478-84.
KAWAMURA, T., HUANG, C. S., TOCHIGI, N., LEE, S., SHIGEMURA, N., BILLIAR, T. R., OKUMURA, M., NAKAO, A. u0026amp; TOYODA, Y. (2010). Inhaled Hydrogen Gas Therapy for Prevention of Lung Transplant-Induced Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Transplantation 90, 1344-1351
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SHIRAHATA, S. A. N. E. T. A. K. A. (2002). Reduced water for prevention of diseases. Animal Cell Technology: Basic and Applied Aspects 12, 25-30.
BALL, J. (2007). Recently published papers: More about EGDT, experimental therapies and some inconvenient truths. Critical Care 11.
WOOD, K. C. u0026amp; GLADWIN, M. T. (2007). The hydrogen highway to reperfusion therapy. Nat Med 13, 673-674.
OHTA, S. (2008). [Hydrogen gas and hydrogen water act as a therapeutic and preventive antioxidant with a novel concept]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 45, 355-62.
Jun, X.S. and H. Zhang, Hydrogen-an endogenous antioxidant in the body. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 2008. 28(3): p. 233-235.
MILTON, S. L. (2009). Hydrogen Saline a Real Gas. Journal of Experimental Biology 212, v-vi.
NAKAO, A., SUGIMOTO, R., BILLIAR, T. R. u0026amp; MCCURRY, K. R. (2009). Therapeutic Antioxidant Medical Gas. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 44, 1-13.
GEORGE, J. F. u0026amp; AGARWAL, A. (2010). Hydrogen: another gas with therapeutic potential. Kidney International 77, 85-87.
GONCHARUK, V. V., BAGRII, V. A., MEL’NIK, L. A., CHEBOTAREVA, R. D. u0026amp; BASHTAN, S. Y. (2010). The use of redox potential in water treatment processes. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 32, 1-9.
HONG, Y., CHEN, S. u0026amp; ZHANG, J. M. (2010). Hydrogen as a selective antioxidant: a review of clinical and experimental studies. Journal of International Medical Research 38, 1893-903.
HUANG, C. S., KAWAMURA, T., TOYODA, Y. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2010). Recent advances in hydrogen research as a therapeutic medical gas. Free Radical Research 44, 971-982.
LIU, C., CUI, J. G., SUN, Q. u0026amp; CAI, J. M. (2010). Hydrogen therapy may be an effective and specific novel treatment for acute radiation syndrome. Medical Hypotheses 74, 145-146.
QIAN, L. R., LI, B. L., CAI, J. M. u0026amp; GAO, F. (2010). The Hypothesis of an Effective Safe and Novel Radioprotective Agent Hydrogen-rich Solution. West Indian Medical Journal 59, 122-124.
CHUAI, Y., ZHAO, L., NI, J., SUN, D., CUI, J., LI, B., QIAN, L., GAO, F. u0026amp; CAI, J. (2011). A possible prevention strategy of radiation pneumonitis: combine radiotherapy with aerosol inhalation of hydrogen-rich solution. Medical Science Monitor 17, HY1-4.
JUN CHEN, B. Z., MINGCHAO LI, TAO QI, ZHENG CHEN, XUEJUN SUN, XIAO CHEN (2011). Hydrogen therapy may be a promising, safe and effective treatment for diabetic erectile dysfunction: a hypothesis. Alternative Medicine Studies.
OHTA, S. (2011). Recent progress toward hydrogen medicine: potential of molecular hydrogen for preventive and therapeutic applications. Curr Pharm Des 17, 2241-52.
OHTA, S., NAKAO, A. u0026amp; OHNO, K. (2011). The 2011 Medical Molecular Hydrogen Symposium: An Inaugural Symposium of the Journal Medical Gas Research Medical Gas Research 1, 10.
OHTA, S., NAKAO, A. u0026amp; OHNO, K. (2011). The 2011 Medical Molecular Hydrogen Symposium: An inaugural symposium of the journal Medical Gas Research. Med Gas Res 1, 10.
SCHOENFELD, M. P., ANSARI, R. R., ZAKRAJSEK, J. F., BILLIAR, T. R., TOYODA, Y., WINK, D. A. u0026amp; NAKAO, A. (2011). Hydrogen therapy may reduce the risks related to radiation-induced oxidative stress in space flight. Medical Hypotheses 76, 117-8.
YONGCHUN SHEN, T. Y., TAO WANG, FUQIANG WEN. (2011). Hydrogen gas: a novel antioxidant for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA 26, 94-97.
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GHANIZADEH, A. (2012). Physical exercise and intermittent administration of lactulose may improve autism symptoms through hydrogen production. Medical Gas Research 2, 19.
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OHNO, K., ITO, M. u0026amp; ICHIHARA, M. (2012). Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2012, 353152.
OHTA, S. (2012). Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1820, 586-94.
OSTOJIC, S. M. (2012). Serum alkalinization and hydrogen-rich water in healthy men. Mayo Clin Proc 87, 501-2.
RHEEM, K. E., LIM, Y. R., LEE, B. S., LEE, S. K., SEONG, K. M., HYUN, D. H. u0026amp; MIN, K. J. (2012). Does alkaline-reduced hexagonal water delay the aging process in Drosophila? Geriatr Gerontol Int 12, 151-4.
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Vi har samlat ännu mer forskningsrapporter om detta vatten här och valt att behålla dessa ursprungstexter på engelska.

Livsvattens joniserade och funktionella vatten har olika namn i forskning och media:

Forskningsuttryck:

Electrolysis Reduced Water (ERW)
Electrolyzed Anode Water (EAW)
Alkaline or Acid Reduced Water
Electrolyzed Ionized Water
Alkaline Antioxidant Water

Marknadsföringstermer

Ionized Water
Water Ionizer
Alkaline Antioxidant Water
Structured Water
Miracle Water/Kangen Water

Använd din mus för att navigera tillbaks till huvudmenyn.

Forskning på joniserat basiskt vatten

(Alkaline Electrolyzed Reduced Water Research )

Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis
Preservative effect of electrolyzed reduced water on pancreatic β-cell mass in diabetic mice
Anti cancer effect of alkaline reduced water
Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen u0026amp; protects DNA from oxidative damage.
Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein.
The mechanism of the enhanced antioxidant effects of reduced water produced by electrolysis.
Use of ionized water in hypochlorhydria, achlorhydria, reduction of high blood pressure
Use of ionized water for gynecological conditions
Clinical improvements obtained from the uptake of Ionized Water
Alkaline ionized water for abdominal complaints: Placebo controlled double blind tests
Physiological effects of alkaline ionized water: intestinal fermentation
Effects of calcium alkaline ionized water on formation and maintenance of osseous tissues
Reduced water for prevention of disease
Use of Ionized water in heart disease and toxins
Use of Ionized water in skin disease.
Use of Ionized water in allergies.
Use of Ionized water in diabetes treatment
Use of Ionized water in treating Acidosis
Environmental electrochemistry of water
Fluid replacement promotes optimal physical performance

Forskning på joniserat surt vatten

(Acidic Electrolyzed Reduced Water Research )

Anti microbial interventions to reduce Salmonella species on poultry
Treatment of Escherichia coli inoculated alfalfa sprouts with electrolyzed oxidizing water
Inactivation of E. coli u0026amp; Listeria on plastic kitchen cutting boards by electrolyzed oxidizing water.
The bactericidal effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water on bacterial strains in hospital infections
Effect of electrolyzed water on wound healing
Effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water on excised burn-wounds in rats
Decomposition of ethylene, a flower-senescence hormone, with electrolyzed anode water.

Alkaline Electrolyzed Reduced Water – Ionized Water

Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2008 Jan;31(1):19-26

Ye J, Li Y, Hamasaki T, Nakamichi N, Komatsu T, Kashiwagi T, Teruya K, Nishikawa R, Kawahara T, Osada K, Toh K, Abe M, Tian H, Kabayama S, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y, Shirahata S.

Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, JapanVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key mediator of tumor angiogenesis. Tumor cells are exposed to higher oxidative stress compared to normal cells. Numerous reports have demonstrated that the intracellular redox (oxidation/reduction, ORP) state is closely associated with the pattern of VEGF expression. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) produced near the cathode during the electrolysis of water scavenged intracellular H(2)O(2) and decreased the release of H(2)O(2) from a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549, and down-regulated both VEGF transcription and protein secretion in a time-dependent manner. To investigate the signal transduction pathway involved in regulating VEGF expression, mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) specific inhibitors, SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and JNKi (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase inhibitor) were applied. The results showed that only PD98059 blocks VEGF expression, suggesting an important role for ERK1/2 in regulating VEGF expression in A549 cells. As well, ERW inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a time-dependent manner. Co-culture experiments to analyze in vitro tubule formation assay revealed that A549 cell-derived conditioned medium significantly stimulated the formation of vascular tubules in all analyzed parameters; tubule total area, tubule junction, number of tubules, and total tubule length. ERW counteracted the effect of A549 cell-conditioned medium and decreased total tube length (p<0.01). The present study demonstrated that ERW down-regulated VEGF gene transcription and protein secretion through inactivation of ERK.Related Research:

Levels of Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor 1 in Astrocytic Tumors and Its Relation to Malignancy, Vascularity, and VEGF-A

Denna information är framtagen från olika källor såsom forskningsinstitut men även från olika internetsidor Den är endast i utbildande syfte och är inte menad att behandla eller läka någon sjukdom eller symtom. Konsultera med din läkare för att få medicinska råd i ämnet.

Preservative Effect of Electrolyzed Reduced Water on Pancreatic β-Cell Mass in Diabetic db/db Mice

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2007 Feb;30(2):234-6Mi-Ja Kim1,2, Kyung Hee Jung,3 Yoon Kyung Uhm,3 Kang-Hyun Leem,4 and Hye Kyung Kim,51) Department of Obesity Management, Graduate School of Obesity Science, Dongduk Women’s University

2) Imagine Obesity Institute, 117 Purynsol Mun Wa Gyun, Kyung Hee University

3) Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University

4) College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University

5) Department of Food and Biotechnology, Hanseo UniversityOxidative stress is produced under diabetic conditions and involved in progression of pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Both an increase in reactive oxygen free radical species (ROS) and a decrease in the antioxidant defense mechanism lead to the increase in oxidative stress in diabetes. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) with ROS scavenging ability may have a potential effect on diabetic animals, a model for high oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study examined the possible anti-diabetic effect of ERW in genetically diabetic mouse strain C57BL/6J-db/db (db/db). ERW with ROS scavenging ability reduced the blood glucose concentration, increased blood insulin level, improved glucose tolerance and preserved β-cell mass in db/db mice. The present data suggest that ERW may protects β-cell damage and would be useful for antidiabetic agent.Related Research:

Involvement of Oxidative Stress and the JNK Pathway in Glucose Toxicity

Anti Cancer Effect of Alkaline Reduced Water

By the Department of Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine , Yonsei University Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Institute of Health Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University .

Certain minerals can produce alkaline reduced water with high pH and low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) when dissolved in water. Alkaline reduced water showed significant anticancer effect. When B16 melanoma cells were inoculated subcutaneous and intra-peritoneally, C56BL/6 mice fed with alkaline reduced water showed tumor growth delay and the survival span was significantly lengthened. Alkaline reduced water also showed the inhibition of metastasis by reducing the numbers of B16 melanoma colonies when injected through tail vein. The amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was very reduced when fed with alkaline reduced water except for spleen, which is a major organ for immunity. Even for normal mice, alkaline reduced water intake invoked systemic cytokines, such as, Th1 (IFN- g, IL-12) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5), suggesting strong immuno-modulation effect. Both ROS scavenging effect and immuno-modulation effect might be responsible for anticancer effect of alkaline reduced water. Continue reading the full study

Adequate fluid replacement helps maintain hydration and, promotes the health, safety, and optimal physical performance of individuals participating in regular physical activity.

Med Sci Sports Exercise

1996 Jan;28(1):i-vii.American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Convertino VA, Armstrong LE, Coyle EF, Mack GW, Sawka MN, Senay LC Jr, Sherman WM.It is the position of the American College of Sports Medicine that adequate fluid replacement helps maintain hydration and, therefore, promotes the health, safety, and optimal physical performance of individuals participating in regular physical activity. This position statement is based on a comprehensive review and interpretation of scientific literature concerning the influence of fluid replacement on exercise performance and the risk of thermal injury associated with dehydration and hyperthermia. Based on available evidence, the American College of Sports Medicine makes the following general recommendations on the amount and composition of fluid that should be ingested in preparation for, during, and after exercise or athletic competition: 1) It is recommended that individuals consume a nutritionally balanced diet and drink adequate fluids during the 24-hr period before an event, especially during the period that includes the meal prior to exercise, to promote proper hydration before exercise or competition. 2) It is recommended that individuals drink about 500 ml (about 17 ounces) of fluid about 2 h before exercise to promote adequate hydration and allow time for excretion of excess ingested water. 3) During exercise, athletes should start drinking early and at regular intervals in an attempt to consume fluids at a rate sufficient to replace all the water lost through sweating (i.e., body weight loss), or consume the maximal amount that can be tolerated. 4) It is recommended that ingested fluids be cooler than ambient temperature [between 15 degrees and 22 degrees C (59 degrees and 72 degrees F])] and flavored to enhance palatability and promote fluid replacement. Fluids should be readily available and served in containers that allow adequate volumes to be ingested with ease and with minimal interruption of exercise. 5) Addition of proper amounts of carbohydrates and/or electrolytes to a fluid replacement solution is recommended for exercise events of duration greater than 1 h since it does not significantly impair water delivery to the body and may enhance performance. During exercise lasting less than 1 h, there is little evidence of physiological or physical performance differences between consuming a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink and plain water. 6) During intense exercise lasting longer than 1 h, it is recommended that carbohydrates be ingested at a rate of 30-60 g.h(-1) to maintain oxidation of carbohydrates and delay fatigue. This rate of carbohydrate intake can be achieved without compromising fluid delivery by drinking 600-1200 ml.h(-1) of solutions containing 4%-8% carbohydrates (g.100 ml(-1)). The carbohydrates can be sugars (glucose or sucrose) or starch (e.g., maltodextrin). 7) Inclusion of sodium (0.5-0.7 g.1(-1) of water) in the rehydration solution ingested during exercise lasting longer than 1 h is recommended since it may be advantageous in enhancing palatability, promoting fluid retention, and possibly preventing hyponatremia in certain individuals who drink excessive quantities of fluid. There is little physiological basis for the presence of sodium in n oral rehydration solution for enhancing intestinal water absorption as long as sodium is sufficiently available from the previous meal.

Electrolyzed-reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
1997 May 8;234(1):269-74.

Shirahata S, Kabayama S, Nakano M, Miura T, Kusumoto K, Gotoh M, Hayashi H, Otsubo K, Morisawa S, Katakura Y.

Institute of Cellular Regulation Technology, Graduate School of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. sirahata@grt.kyushu-u.ac.jp Active oxygen species or free radicals are considered to cause extensive oxidative damage to biological macromolecules, which brings about a variety of diseases as well as aging. The ideal scavenger for active oxygen should be ’active hydrogen’. ’Active hydrogen’ can be produced in reduced water near the cathode during electrolysis of water. Reduced water exhibits high pH, low dissolved oxygen (DO), extremely high dissolved molecular hydrogen (DH), and extremely negative redox potential (RP) values. Strongly electrolyzed-reduced water, as well as ascorbic acid, (+)-catechin and tannic acid, completely scavenged O.-2 produced by the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase (HX-XOD) system in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of reduced water is stable at 4 degrees C for over a month and was not lost even after neutralization, repeated freezing and melting, deflation with sonication, vigorous mixing, boiling, repeated filtration, or closed autoclaving, but was lost by opened autoclaving or by closed autoclaving in the presence of tungsten trioxide which efficiently adsorbs active atomic hydrogen. Water bubbled with hydrogen gas exhibited low DO, extremely high DH and extremely low RP values, as does reduced water, but it has no SOD-like activity. These results suggest that the SOD-like activity of reduced water is not due to the dissolved molecular hydrogen but due to the dissolved atomic hydrogen (active hydrogen). Although SOD accumulated H2O2 when added to the HX-XOD system, reduced water decreased the amount of H2O2 produced by XOD. Reduced water, as well as catalase and ascorbic acid, could directly scavenge H2O2. Reduced water suppresses single-strand breakage of DNA b active oxygen species produced by the Cu(II)-catalyzed oxidation of ascorbic acid in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that reduced water can scavenge not only O2.- and H2O2, but also 1O2 and .OH. PMID: 9169001 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein.

Appl Biochem Biotechnol.

2006 Nov;135(2):133-44.Lee MY, Kim YK, Ryoo KK, Lee YB, Park EJ. Department of Genetic Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 336-600, Korea.The generation of reactive oxygen species is thought to cause extensive oxidative damage to various biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. In this study, the preventive, suppressive, and protective effects of in vitro supplementation with electrolyzed-reduced water on H2O2-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes were examined using a comet assay. Pre-treatment, co-treatment, and post-treatment with electrolyzed-reduced water enhanced human lymphocyte resistance to the DNA strand breaks induced by H2O2 in vitro. Moreover, electrolyzed-reduced water was much more effective than diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water in preventing total RNA degradation at 4 and 25 degrees C. In addition, electrolyzed-reduced water completely prevented the oxidative cleavage of horseradish peroxidase, as determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Enhancement of the antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid dissolved in electrolyzed-reduced water was about threefold that of ascorbic acid dissolved in nonelectrolyzed deionized water, as measured by a xanthine-xanthine oxidase superoxide scavenging assay system, suggesting an inhibitory effect of electrolyzedreduced water on the oxidation of ascorbic acid.PMID: 17159237 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

The mechanism of the enhanced antioxidant effects against superoxide anion radicals of reduced water produced by electrolysis.

Biophys Chem. 2004
Jan 1;107(1):71-82.

Hanaoka K, Sun D, Lawrence R, Kamitani Y, Fernandes G.

Bio-REDOX Laboratory Inc. 1187-4, Oaza-Ueda, Ueda-shi, Nagano-ken 386-0001, Japan. hanak@rapid.ocn.ne.jp

We reported that reduced water produced by electrolysis enhanced the antioxidant effects of proton donors such as ascorbic acid (AsA) in a previous paper. We also demonstrated that reduced water produced by electrolysis of 2 mM NaCl solutions did not show antioxidant effects by itself. We reasoned that the enhancement of antioxidant effects may be due to the increase of the ionic product of water as solvent. The ionic product of water (pKw) was estimated by measurements of pH and by a neutralization titration method. As an indicator of oxidative damage, Reactive Oxygen Species- (ROS) mediated DNA strand breaks were measured by the conversion of supercoiled phiX-174 RF I double-strand DNA to open and linear forms. Reduced water had a tendency to suppress single-strand breakage of DNA induced by reactive oxygen species produced by H2O2/Cu (II) and HQ/Cu (II) systems. The enhancement of superoxide anion radical dismutation activity can be explained by changes in the ionic product of water in the reduced water.

PMID: 14871602 [PubMed]

Use of Ionized water in hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria

Prof. Kuninaka Hironage, Head of Kuninaka Hospital ”Too many fats in the diets, which lead to the deposition of cholesterol on the blood vessels, which in turn constrict the blood flow, cause most illnesses such as high blood pressure. In accordance with the theory of Professor Gato of Kyushu University on Vitamin K (because vitamin K enables the blood calcium to increase ), or the consumption of more antioxidant water, the effectiveness of the increase in the calcium in high blood pressure is most significant. The consumption of alkaline antioxidant water for a period of 2 to 3 months, I have observed the blood pressure slowly drop, due to the water’s solvent ability, which dissolves the cholesterol in the blood vessels.”

Use of Ionized water for gynecological conditions

Prof. Watanabe Ifao, Watanabe Hospital ”Ionized alklaine antioxidant water improves body constituents and ensures effective healing to many illnesses. The uses of antioxidant water in gynecological patients have proved to be very effective. The main reason for its effectiveness is that this water can neutralize toxins.When given antioxidant water to pre-eclamptic toxemia cases, the results are most significant. During my long years of servicing the pre-eclamptic toxemia cases, I found that the women with pre-eclamptic toxemia who consumed antioxidant water tend to deliver healthier babies with stronger muscles. A survey report carried out on babies in this group showed intelligence above average.”

Toxin Neutralization

Prof. Kuwata Keijiroo, Doctor of Medicine”In my opinion, the wonder of antioxidant water is the ability neutralizes toxins, but it is not a medicine. The difference is that the medicine can only apply to each and individual case, whereas the antioxidant water can be consumed generally and its neutralizing power is something which is very much unexpected. Now, in brief, let me introduce to you a heart disease case and how it was cured.The patient was a 35 years old male suffering from vascular heart disease. For 5 years, his sickness deteriorated. He was in the Setagays Government Hospital for treatment.

During those 5 years, he had been in and out of the hospital 5 to 6 times. He had undergone high tech examinations such as angiogram by injecting VINYL via the vein into the heart. He consulted and sought treatment from many good doctors where later he underwent a major surgical operation. Upon his discharge from the hospital, he quit his job to convalesce. However, each time when his illness relapsed, the attack seemed to be even more severe. Last year, in August, his relatives were in despair and expected he would not live much longer. It so happened at that time that the victim’s relative came across antioxidant water processor. His illness responded well and he is now on the road to recovery.”

(In the United States, cardiovascular diseases account for more than one-half of the approximate 2 million deaths occurring each year…. It is estimated that optimal conditioning of drinking water could reduce this cardiovascular disease mortality rate by as much as 15 percent in the United States) – Report of the Safe Drinking Water Committee of the National Academy of Sciences, 1977

Eczema

Prof. Tamura Tatsuji, Keifuku Rehabilitation Center

”Eczema is used to describe several varieties of skin conditions, which have a number of common features. The exact cause or causes of eczema are not fully understood. I many cases, eczema can be attributed by external irritants.Let me introduce a patient who recovered from skin disease after consuming the antioxidant water. This patient suffered 10 years of eczema and could not be cured effectively even under specialist treatment. This patient, who is 70 years of age, is the president of a vehicle spare parts company. After the war, his lower limbs suffered acute eczema, which later became chronic. He was repeatedly treated in a specialist skin hospital.

The left limb responded well to treatment, but not so on the right limb. He suffered severe itchiness, which, when scratched led to bleeding. During the last 10 years, he was seen and treated by many doctors. When I first examined him, his lower limb around the joints was covered with vesicles. Weeping occurred owing to serum exuding from the vesicles.

I advised him to try consuming antioxidant water. He bought a unit and consumed the antioxidant water religiously and used the acidic water to bathe the affected areas. After 2 weeks of treatment the vesicles dried up. The eczema was completely cleared without any relapse after 1½ month.”

Allergies

Prof. Kuninaka Hironaga, Head of Kuninaka Hospital ”Mr. Yamada, the head of Police Research Institute, suffered from severe allergy. He was treated repeatedly by skin specialist, but with no success. Then he started consuming antioxidant water. The allergy responded very well and was soon completely cured. No relapse had occurred, although he had taken all kinds of food. He was most grateful and excited about this treatment.

As for myself, I had also suffered severe allergy. Ever since I began to consume antioxidant water, the allergy has recovered. Since then, I started a research on the effectiveness of antioxidant water.

I discovered that most allergies are due to acidification of body condition and is also related to consuming too much meat and sugar. In every allergy case, the patient’s antioxidant minerals are excessively low which in turn lower the body resistance significantly. The body becomes overly sensitive and develops allergy easily. To stabilize the sensitivity, calcium solution in injected into the vein. Therefore, it is clear that the antioxidant water has ionic calcium, which can help alleviate allergy.

The ionic calcium not only enhances the heart, urination, and neutralization of toxins but controls acidity. It also enhances the digestive system and liver function. This will promote natural healing power and hence increase its resistance to allergy. In some special cases of illness, which do not respond to drugs, it is found, it is found to respond well to antioxidant water.”

Digestive Problems

Prof. Kogure Keizou, Kogure Clinic of Juntendo Hospital ”The stomach is readily upset both by diseases affecting the stomach and by other general illnesses. In addition, any nervous tension or anxiety frequently causes gastric upset, vague symptoms when This information is under some strain.

The important role of antioxidant water in our stomach is to neutralize the secretion and strengthen it s functions. Usually, after consuming the antioxidant water for 1 to 3 minutes, the gastric juice increase to 1½ times. For those suffering from hypochlorhydria or achlorhydria ( low in gastric juice ) the presence of antioxidant water will stimulate the stomach cells to secrete more gastric juice. This in turn enhances digestion and absorption of minerals.

However, on the other hand, those with hyperchlorhydria ( high in gastric juice ), the antioxidant water neutralizes the excessive gastric juice. Hence, it does not create any adverse reaction.

According to the medical lecturer from Maeba University, the pH of the gastric secretion will still remain normal when antioxidant water is consumed. This proves that the ability of the antioxidant water is able to neutralize as well as to stimulate the secretion.”

Diabetes

Prof. Kuwata Keijiroo, Doctor of Medicine ”When I was serving in the Fire Insurance Association, I used to examine many diabetic patients. Besides treating them with drugs, I provided them with antioxidant water. After drinking antioxidant water for one month, 15 diabetic patients were selected and sent to Tokyo University for further test and observations.

Initially, the more serious patients were a bit apprehensive about the treatment. When the antioxidant water was consumed for some time, the sugar in the blood and urine ranged from a ratio of 300 mg/l to 2 mg / dc. There was a time where the patient had undergone 5 to 6 blood tests a day and detected to be within normal range. Results also showed that even 1 ½ hour after meals, the blood sugar and urine ratio was 100 mg/dc: 0 mg/dc . The sugar in the urine has completely disappeared.”NOTE:

More Americans than ever before are suffering from diabetes, with the number of new cases averaging almost 800,000 each year. The disease has steadily increased in the United States since 1980, and in 1998, 16 million Americans were diagnosed with diabetes (10.3 million diagnosed; 5.4 million undiagnosed). Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States, and more than 193,000 died from the disease and its related complication in 1996. The greatest increase – 76 percent – occurred in people age 30 to 30. ….

From: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, October 13, 2000 Fact Sheet.

Use of Ionized water in treating Acidosis

Prof. Hatori Tasutaroo, Head of Akajiuiji Blood Centre, Yokohama Hospital, Faitama District”Due to a higher standard of living, our eating habits have changed. We consume too much proteins, fats and sugar. The excess fats and carbohydrates are in the body as fats. In the present lifestyles, Americans are more extravagant on food compared to the Japanese. Due to this excessive intake obesity is a significant problem. Normally, one out of five males and one out of four females is obese.

The degree of ”burn-out” in food intake largely depends on the amount on intake of vitamins and minerals. When excessive intake of proteins, carbohydrates and fats occurs, the requirement for vitamins and minerals increases. However, there is not much research carried out pertaining to the importance of vitamins and minerals.

Nowadays, many people suffer from acidification that leads to diabetes, heart diseases, cancer, live and kidney diseases. If our food intake can be completely burned off, then there is no deposition of fats. Obviously, there will be no acidification problem and hence there should not be any sign of obesity.

The antioxidant water contains an abundance of ionic calcium. This ionic calcium helps in the ”burn-off” process. By drinking antioxidant water, it provides sufficient minerals for our body. As a result, we do not need to watch our diet to stay slim.

Hence, antioxidant water is a savior for those suffering from obesity and many adult diseases, providing good assistance in enhancing good health.”

Reduced Water For Prevention of Disease

Dr.Sanetaka Shirahata

Graduate school of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University,

6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.

It has long been established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause many typesof damage to biomolecules and cellular structures, that, in turn result in the development of a variety of pathologic states such as diabetes, cancer and aging. Reduced water is defined as anti-oxidative water produced by reduction of water. Electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) has been demonstrated to be hydrogen-rich water and can scavenge ROS in vitro (Shirahata et al., 1997). The reduction of proton in water to active hydrogen (atomic hydrogen, hydrogen radical) that can scavenge ROS is very easily caused by a weak current, compared to oxidation of hydroxyl ion to oxygen molecule. Activation of water by magnetic field, collision, minerals etc. will also produce reduced water containing active hydrogen and/or hydrogen molecule. Several natural waters such as Hita Tenryosui water drawn from deep underground in Hita city in Japan, Nordenau water in Germany and Tlacote water in Mexico are known to alleviate various diseases. We have developed a sensitive method by which we can detect active hydrogen existing in reduced water, and have demonstrated that not only ERW but also natural reduced waters described above contain active hydrogen and scavenge ROS in cultured cells. ROS is known to cause reduction of glucose uptake by inhibiting the insulin-signaling pathway in cultured cells. Reduced water scavenged intracellular ROS and stimulated glucose uptake in the presence or absence of insulin in both rat L6 skeletal muscle cells and mouse 3T3/L1 adipocytes. This insulin-like activity of reduced water was inhibited by wortmannin that is specific inhibitor of PI-3 kinase, a key molecule in insulin signaling pathways. Reduced water protected insulin-responsive cells from sugar toxicity and improved the damaged sugar tolerance of type 2 diabetes model mice, suggesting that reduced water may improve insulin-independent diabetes mellitus. Cancer cells are generally exposed to high oxidative stress. Reduced water cause impaired tumor phenotypes of human cancer cells, such as reduced growth rate, morphological changes, reduced colony formation ability in soft agar, passage number-dependent telomere shortening, reduced binding abilities of telomere binding proteins and suppressed metastasis. Reduced water suppressed the growth of cancer cells transplanted into mice, demonstrating their anti-cancer effects in vivo. Reduced water will be applicable to not only medicine but also food industries, agriculture, and manufacturing industries.

Shirahata, S. et al.: Electrolyzed reduced water scavenges active oxygen species and protects DNA from oxidative damage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 234, 269174, 1997.

Clinical Impovements Obtained From The Intake Of Reduced Water

Extracts from ” Presentation At The Eight Annual International Symposium On man And His Environment in Health And Disease” on February 24th 1990, at The Grand Kempinski Hotel, Dalls, Texas, USA by Dr. H. Hayashi, M.D. and Dr. M Kawamura, M.D., on : – THE CONCEPT OF PREHEPATIC MEDICINESSince the introduction of alkaline ionic water in our clinic in 1985, we have had the following interesting clinical experiences in the use of this type of water. By the use of alkaline ionic water for drinking and the preparation of meals for our in-patients, we have noticed :Declines in blood sugar levels in diabetic patients.

Improvements in peripheral circulation in diabetic gangrene.

Declines in uric acid levels in patients with gout.

Improvements in liver function exams in hepatic disorders.

Improvements in gastroduodenal ulcer and prevention of their recurrences.

Improvements in hypertension and hypotension.

Improvements in allergic disorders such as asthma, urticaria, rhinites and atopic dermatitis.

Improvements in persistent diarrhoea which occurred after gastrectomy.

Quicker improvements in post operative bower paralysis.

Improvements in serum bilirubin levels in new born babies. Being confirming clinical improvements, we have always observed changes of stools of the patients, with the colour of their feaces changing from black-brown colour to a brigher yellow-brown one, and the odour of their feaces becoming almost negligible. The number of patients complaining of constipation also decreased markedly. The change of stool findings strongly suggests that alkaline ionic water intake can decrease the production of putrefield or pathogenic metabolites.Devices to produce reduced water were introduced into our clinic in May 1985. Based on the clinical experiences obtained in the past 15 years, it can be said that introduction of electrolyzed-reduced water for drinking and cooking purpose for in-patients should be the very prerequisite in our daily medical practices. Any dietary recipe cannot be a scientific one if property of water is not taken by the patients is not taken into consideration.The Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan announced in 1965 that the intake of reduced water is effective for restoration of intestinal flora metabolism.

Clinical evaluation of alkaline ionized water for abdominal complaints: Placebo controlled double blind tests

by Hirokazu Tashiro, Tetsuji Hokudo, Hiromi Ono, Yoshihide Fujiyama, Tadao Baba (National Ohkura Hospital, Dept. of Gastroenterology; Institute of Clinical Research, Shiga University of Medical Science, Second Dept. of Internal Medicine)Effect of alkaline ionized water on abdominal complaints was evaluated by placebo controlled double blind tests. Overall scores of improvement using alkaline ionized water marked higher than those of placebo controlled group, and its effect proved to be significantly higher especially in slight symptoms of chronic diarrhoea and abdominal complaints in cases of general malaise. Alkaline ionized water group did not get interrupted in the course of the test, nor did it show serious side effects nor abnormal test data. It was confirmed that alkaline ionized water is safer and more effective than placebos.

Summary

Effect of alkaline ionized water on abdominal complaints was clinically examined by double blind tests using clean water as placebo. Overall improvement rate was higher for alkaline ionized water group than placebo group and the former proved to be significantly more effective than the other especially in cases of slight symptoms. Examining improvement rate for each case of chronic diarrhoea, constipation and abdominal complaints, alkaline ionized water group turned out to be more effective than placebo group for chronic diarrhoea, and abdominal complaints. The test was stopped in one case of chronic diarrhoea, among placebo group due to exacerbation, whereas alkaline ionized water group did not stop testing without serious side effects or abnormal test data in all cases. It was confirmed that alkaline ionized water is more effective than clean water against chronic diarrhoea, abdominal complaints and overall improvement rate (relief of abdominal complaints) and safer than clean water.

Introduction

Since the approval of alkaline ionized water electrolyzers by Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in 1966 for its antacid effect and efficacy against gastrointestinal disorders including hyperchylia, indigestion, abnormal gastrointestinal fermentation and chronic diarrhoea, they have been extensively used among patients. However, medical and scientific evaluation of their validity is not established. In our study, we examined clinical effect of alkaline ionized water on gastrointestinal disorders across many symptoms in various facilities. Particularly, we studied safety and usefulness of alkaline ionized water by doubleblind tests using clean water as a control group.

Test subjects and methods

163 patients (34 men, 129 women, age 21 to 72, average 38.6 years old) of indigestion, abnormal gastrointestinal fermentation (with abnormal gas emission and rugitus) and abdominal complaints caused by irregular dejection (chronic diarrhoea, or constipation) were tested as subjects with good informed consent. Placebo controlled double blind tests were conducted using alkaline ionized water and clean water at multiple facilities. An alkaline ionized water electrolyzer sold commercially was installed with a pump driven calcium dispenser in each of the subject homes. Tested alkaline ionized water had pH at 9.5 and calcium concentration at 30ppm. Each subject in placebo group used a water purifier that has the same appearance as the electrolyzer and produces clean water.The tested equipment was randomly assigned by a controller who scaled off the key code which was stored safely until the tests were completed and the seal was opened again.Water samples were given to each patient in the amount of 200ml in the morning with the total of 50OmI or more per day for a month. Before and after the tests, blood, urine and stool were tested and a log was kept on the subjective symptoms, bowel movements and accessory symptoms. After the tests, the results were analyzed based on the log and the test data.

Water Ionizer Test Results

1. SymptomsAmong 163 tested subjects, alkaline ionized water group included 84 and placebo group 79. Background factors such as gender, age and basal disorders did not contribute to significant difference in the results.2. Overall improvement rate

As to overall improvement rate of abdominal complaints, alkaline ionized water group had 2 cases of outstanding improvement (2.5%), 26 cases of fair improvement (32.1%), 36 cases of slight improvement (44.4%), 13 cases of no change (16%) and 4 cases of exacerbation (4.9%), whereas placebo group exhibited 4 (5.2%), 19 (24.7%), 27 (35.1%), 25 (32.5%) and 2 cases (2.6%) for the same category. Comparison between alkaline ionized water and placebo groups did not reveal any significant difference at the level of 5% significance according to the Wilcoxon test, although alkaline ionized water group turned out to be significantly more effective than placebo group at the level of p value of 0.22.Examining overall improvement rates by a 7, 2 test (with no adjustment for continuity) between the effective and noneffective groups, alkaline ionized water group had 64 (79%) of effective cases and 17 cases (21%) of non effective cases, whereas placebo group had 50 (64.9%) and 27 (35.1%) cases respectively. The result indicated that alkaline ionized water group was significantly more effective than placebo group at the level of p value of 0.0.48.Looking only at 83 slight cases of abdominal complaints, overall improvement rate for alkaline ionized water group(45 cases) was composed of 11 cases (242%) of fair improvement, 22 cases (48.9%) of slight improvement, 17 cases (44.7%) of no change and 3 cases (6.7%) of exacerbation, whereas placebo group (38 cases) had 3 (7.8%), 17 (44.7%), 17 (44.7%) and 1 (2.6%) cases for the same category. Alkaline ionized water group was significantly more effective than placebo group according to the comparison between the groups (p value = 0.033).3. Improvement rate by basal symptom

Basal symptoms were divided into chronic diarrhea, constipation and abdominal complaints (dyspepsia) and overall improvement rate was evaluated for each of them to study effect of alkaline ionized water. In case of chronic diarrhoea, alkaline ionized water group resulted in 94.1% of effective cases and 5.9% of non effective cases. Placebo group came up with 64,7% effective and 35.3% non effective. These results indicate alkaline ionized water group proved to be significantly more effective than placebo group. In case of slighter chronic diarrhoea, comparison between groups revealed that alkaline ionized water group is significantly more effective than placebo group (p=0.015). In case of constipation, alkaline ionized water group consisted of 80.5% of effective and 19.5% of non effective cases, whereas placebo group resulted in 73.3% effective and 26.3 non effective. As to abdominal complaints (dyspepsia), alkaline ionized water group had 85.7% of effective and 14.3% non effective cases while placebo group showed 47.1% and 62.9% respectively. Alkaline ionized water group proved to be significantly more effective than placebo group (p=0.025).4. Safety

Since one case of chronic diarrhoea, in placebo group saw exacerbation, the test was stopped. There was no such cases in alkaline ionized water group. Fourteen cases of accessory symptoms, 8 in alkaline ionized water group and 6 in placebo group, were observed, none of which were serious. 31 out of 163 cases (16 in alkaline ionized water group, 15 in placebo group) exhibited fluctuation in test data, although alkaline ionized water group did not have any problematic fluctuations compared to placebo group. Two cases in placebo group and one case in alkaline ionized water group have seen K value of serum climb up and resume to normal value after re testing which indicates the value changes were temporary.

Conclusion

As a result of double blind clinical tests of alkaline ionized water and clean water, alkaline ionized water was proved to be more effective than clean water against chronic diarrhoea, abdominal complaints (dyspepsia) and overall improvement rate (relief from abdominal complaints). Also, safety of alkaline ionized water was confirmed which clinically verifies its usefulness.

Physiological effects of alkaline ionized water: Effects on metabolites produced by intestinal fermentation

by Takashi Hayakawa, Chicko Tushiya, Hisanori Onoda, Hisayo Ohkouchi, Harul-~to Tsuge (Gifu University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Food Science)We have found that long-term ingestion of alkaline ionized water (alkaline ionized water) reduces cecal fermentation in rats that were given highly fermentable commercial diet (MF: Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.). In this experiment, rats were fed MF and test water (tap water, alkaline ionized water with pH at 9 and 10) for about 3 months. Feces were collected on the 57th day, and the rats were dissected on the 88th day. The amount of ammonium in fresh feces and cecal contents as well as fecal free-glucose tended to drop down for the alkaline ionized water group. In most cases, the amount of free-amino acids in cecal contents did not differ sign- icantly except for cysteine (decreased in alkaline ionized water with pH at 10) and isoleucine (increased in alkaline ionized water with pH at 10). Purpose of testsAlkaline ionized water electrolyzers have been approved for manufacturing in 1965 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare as medical equipment to produce medical substances. Alkaline ionized water (alkaline ionized water) produced by this equipment is known to be effective against gastrointestinal fermentation, chronic diarrhea, indigestion and hyperchylia as well as for controlling gastric acid.*1 This is mainly based on efficacy of the official calcium hydroxide. *2 By giving alkaline ionized water to rats for a comparatively long time under the condition of extremely high level of intestinal fermentation, we have demonstrated that alkaline ionized water intake is effective for inhibition of intestinal fermentation when its level is high based on some test results where alkaline ionized water worked against cecal hypertrophy and for reduction in the amount of short-chain fatty acid that is the main product of fermentation.*3 We have reported that this is caused by the synergy between calcium level generally contained in alkaline ionized water (about 50ppm) and the value of pH, and that frequency of detecting some anaerobic bacteria tends to be higher in alkaline ionized water groups than the other, although the bacteria count in the intestine does not have significant difference. Based on these results, we made a judgment that effect of taking alkaline ionized water supports part of inhibition mechanism against abnormal intestinal fermentation, which is one of the claims of efficacy that have been attributed to alkaline ionized water electrolyzers. *4 On the other hand, under the dietary condition of low intestinal fermentation, alkaline ionized water uptake does not seem to inhibit fermentation that leads us to believe that effect of alkaline ionized water uptake is characteristic of hyper-fermentation state. Metabolites produced by intestinal fermentation include indole and skatole in addition to organic acids such as short-chain fatty acid and lactic acid as well as toxic metabolites such as ammonium, phenol and pcresol. We do not know how alkaline ionized water uptake would affect the production of these materials. In this experiment, we have tested on ammonium production as explained in the following sections. Testing methodsFour-week-old male Wistar/ST Clean rats were purchased from Japan SLC Co., Ltd. and were divided into 3 groups of 8 each after preliminary breeding. alkaline ionized water of pH 9 and 10 was produced by an electrolyzer Mineone ROYAL NDX3 1 OH by Omco Co., Ltd. This model produces alkaline ionized water by electrolyzing water with calcium lactate added. On the last day of testing, the rats were dissected under Nembutal anesthesia to take blood from the heart by a heparin-treated syringe. As to their organs, the small intestines, cecum and colon plus rectum were taken out from each of them. The cecurn was weighed and cleaned with physiological saline after its contents were removed, and the tissue weight was measured after wiping out moisture. Part of cecal contents was measured its pH, and the rest was used to assay ammonium concentration. The amount of ammonium contained in fresh feces and cecal contents was measured by the Nessler method after collecting it in the extracted samples using Conway’s micro-diffusion container. Fecal free-glucose was assayed by the oxygen method after extraction by hot water. Analysis of free amino acids contained in cecal contents was conducted by the Waters PicoTag amino acid analysis system. Test results and analysesNo difference was found in the rats’ weight gain, water and feed intake and feeding efficiency, nor was any particular distinction in appearance identified. The length of the small intestines and colon plus rectum tended to decline in alkaline ionized water groups. PH value of cecal contents was higher and the amount of fecal free-glucose tended to be lower in alkaline ionized water groups than the control group. Since there was no difference in fecal discharge itself, the amount of free-glucose discharged per day was at a low level. The amount of discharged free-glucose in feces is greater when intestinal fermentation is more intensive, which indicates that intestinal fermentation is more inhibited in alkaline ionized water groups than the control group. Ammonium concentration in cecal contents tends to drop down in alkaline ionized water groups (Fig. 1). This trend was most distinctive in case of fresh feces of one of alkaline ionized water groups with pH 10 (Fig.2) Alkaline ionized water uptake was found to be inhibitory against ammonium production. In order to study dynamics of amino acids in large intestines, we examined free amino acids in the cecal contents to find out that cysteine level is low in alkaline ionized water groups whereas isoleucine level is high in one of alkaline ionized water groups with pH 10, although no significant difference was identified for other amino acids. Bibliography1. ”Verification of Alkaline Ionized Water” by Life Water Institute, Metamor Publishing Co., 1994, p.46*2. ”Official Pharmaceutical Guidelines of Japan, Vol. IT’ by Japan Public Documents Association, Hirokawa PublIshin Co., 1996*3. ”Science and Technology of Functional Water” (part) by Takashi Hayakawa, Haruffito Tsuge, edited by Water Scienll cc Institute, 1999, pp.109-116*4. ’Tasics and Effective Use of Alkaline Ionized Water” by Takashi Hayakawa, Haruhito Tsuge, edited by Tetsuji Hc kudou, 25th General Assembly of Japan Medical Congress ’Tunctional Water in Medical Treatment”, Administratio~ Offices, 1999, pp. 10- 11

Effects of alkaline ionized water on formation u0026amp; maintenance of osseous tissues

by Rei Takahashi Zhenhua Zhang Yoshinori Itokawa

(Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Dept. of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Fukui Prefectural University)Effects of calcium alkaline ionized water on formation and maintenance of osseous tissues in rats were examined. In the absence of calcium in the diet, no apparent calcification was observed with only osteoid formation being prominent. Striking differences were found among groups that were given diets with 30% and 60% calcium. Rats raised by calcium ionized water showed the least osteogenetic disturbance. Tibiae and humeri are more susceptible to calcium deficiency than femora. Theses results may indicate that calcium in drinking water effectively supplements osteogenesis in case of dietary calcium deficiency. The mechanism involved in osteoid formation such as absorption rate of calcium from the intestine and effects of calcium alkaline ionized drinking water on maintaining bone structure in the process of aging or under the condition of calcium deficiency is investigated.Osteoporosis that has lately drawn public attention is defined as ”conditions of bone brittleness caused by reduction in the amount of bone frames and deterioration of osseous microstructure.” Abnormal calcium metabolism has been considered to be one of the factors to contribute to this problem, which in turn is caused by insufficient calcium take in, reduction in enteral absorption rate of calcium and increase in the amount of calcium in urinal discharge. Under normal conditions, bones absorb old bones by regular metabolism through osteoid formation to maintain their strength and function as supporting structure. It is getting clear that remodeling of bones at the tissue level goes through the process of activation, resorption, reversal, matrix synthesis and mineralization. Another important function of bones is storing minerals especially by coordinating with intestines and kidneys to control calcium concentration in the blood. When something happens to this osteo metabolism, it results in abnormal morphological changes. Our analyses have been focusing mostly on the changes in the amount of bones to examine effects of calcium alkaline ionized water on the reaction system of osteo metabolism and its efficiency. Ibis time, however, we studied it further from the standpoint of histology. In other words, we conducted comparative studies on morphological and kinetic changes of osteogenesis by testing alkaline ionized water, tap water and solution of lactate on rats.Three week old male Wistar rats were divided into 12 groups by conditions of feed and drinking water. Feeds were prepared with 0%, 30%, 60% and 100% of normal amount of calcium and were given freely. Three types of drinking water, tap water (city water, about 6ppm of Ca), calcium lactate solution (Ca=40ppm) and alkaline ionized water (Ca =40ppm, pH=9, produced by an electrolyzer NDX 4 LMC by Omco OMC Co., Ltd.) were also given keely. Rats’ weight, amount of drinking water and feed as well as the content of Ca in drinking water were assayed every day. On the 19th and 25th days of testing, tetracycline hydrochloride was added to the feed for 48 hours so as to bring its concentration to 30mg/kg. On the 30th day, blood samples were taken under Nembutal anesthesia, and tibiae, humeri and femora were taken out to make non decalcified samples. Their conditions of osteoid formation and rotation were observed using Villanueva bone stain and Villanueva goldner stain.Three groups that were given different types of drinking water and the same amount of Ca in the feed were compared to find out no significant difference in the rate of weight gain and intakes of feed and drinking water. Alkaline ionized water group had significantly greater amount of tibiae and humeri with higher concentration of calcium in the bones.The group of 0% calcium in the feed saw drastic increase in the amount of osteoid. There was not much difference by types of drinking water. Almost no tetracycline was taken into tibiae and humeri, although a small amount was identified in ferora. As a result, osteogenesis went as far as osteoid formation, but it was likely that decalcification has not happened yet, or most of newly formed bones were absorbed.As to the groups of 30% and 60% calcium in the feed, increase in the area of tetracycline take in was more identifiable with higher clarity in descending order of alkaline ionized water, calcium lactate solution and tap water groups. Especially in case of tap water group, irregularity among the areas of tetracycline take in was distinctive. The group of 100% calcium in the feed saw some improvements in osteogenesis in descending order of alkaline ionized water, calcium lactate solution and tap water. In any case, bone formation seemed to be in good condition at near normal level.Alkaline ionized water was regarded to be effective for improvements of osteogenesis under the conditions of insufficient calcium in the feed. Also, the extent. of dysosteogenesis differed by the region. That is, tibiae and humeri tend to have more significant dysosteogenesis than femora.In addition, there is a possibility that osteo metabolism varies depending on enteral absorption rate of calcium, adjustment of discharge from kidneys and functional adjustment of accessory thyroid in the presence of alkaline ionized water. We are now studying its impact on calcium concentration in the blood. We are also examining whether it is possible to deter bone deterioration by testing on fast aging mouse models.

Fluid replacement promotes optimal physical performance.

Adequate fluid replacement helps maintain hydration and promotes the health, safety, and optimal physical performance of individuals participating in regular physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1996 Jan;28(1):i-vii.

American College of Sports Medicine-Exercise u0026amp; Fluid Replacement

Convertino VA, Armstrong LE, Coyle EF, Mack GW, Sawka MN, Senay LC Jr, Sherman WM.

It is the position of the American College of Sports Medicine that adequate fluid replacement helps maintain hydration and, therefore, promotes the health, safety, and optimal physical performance of individuals participating in regular physical activity. This position statement is based on a comprehensive review and interpretation of scientific literature concerning the influence of fluid replacement on exercise performance and the risk of thermal injury associated with dehydration and hyperthermia. Based on available evidence, the American College of Sports Medicine makes the following general recommendations on the amount and composition of fluid that should be ingested in preparation for, during, and after exercise or athletic competition: 1) It is recommended that individuals consume a nutritionally balanced diet and drink adequate fluids during the 24-hr period before an event, especially during the period that includes the meal prior to exercise, to promote proper hydration before exercise or competition.
It is recommended that individuals drink about 500 ml (about 17 ounces) of fluid about 2 h before exercise to promote adequate hydration and allow time for excretion of excess ingested water.
During exercise, athletes should start drinking early and at regular intervals in an attempt to consume fluids at a rate sufficient to replace all the water lost through sweating (i.e., body weight loss), or consume the maximal amount that can be tolerated.
It is recommended that ingested fluids be cooler than ambient temperature [between 15 degrees and 22 degrees C (59 degrees and 72 degrees F])] and flavored to enhance palatability and promote fluid replacement. Fluids should be readily available and served in containers that allow adequate volumes to be ingested with ease and with minimal interruption of exercise.
During intense exercise lasting longer than 1 h, it is recommended that carbohydrates be ingested at a rate of 30-60 g.h(-1) to maintain oxidation of carbohydrates and delay fatigue. This rate of carbohydrate intake can be achieved without compromising fluid delivery by drinking 600-1200 ml.h(-1) of solutions containing 4%-8% carbohydrates (g.100 ml(-1)). The carbohydrates can be sugars (glucose or sucrose) or starch (e.g., maltodextrin).
Inclusion of sodium (0.5-0.7 g.1(-1) of water) in the rehydration solution ingested during exercise lasting longer than 1 h is recommended since it may be advantageous in enhancing palatability, promoting fluid retention, and possibly preventing hyponatremia in certain individuals who drink excessive quantities of fluid. There is little physiological basis for the presence of sodium in n oral rehydration solution for enhancing intestinal water absorption as long as sodium is sufficiently available from the previous meal.

Rapporter om surt vatten

Comparison of electrolyzed oxidizing water with various antimicrobial interventions to reduce Salmonella species on poultry.

Poult Sci.

2002 Oct;81(10):1598-605.Fabrizio KA, Sharma RR, Demirci A, Cutter CN.Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.

Foodborne pathogens in cell suspensions or attached to surfaces can be reduced by electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water; however, the use of EO water against pathogens associated with poultry has not been explored. In this study, acidic EO water [EO-A; pH 2.6, chlorine (CL) 20 to 50 ppm, and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of 1,150 mV], basic EO water (EO-B; pH 11.6, ORP of -795 mV), CL, ozonated water (OZ), acetic acid (AA), or trisodium phosphate (TSP) was applied to broiler carcasses inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and submerged (4 C, 45 min), spray-washed (85 psi, 25 C, 15 s), or subjected to multiple interventions (EO-B spray, immersed in EO-A; AA or TSP spray, immersed in CL). Remaining bacterial populations were determined and compared at Day 0 and 7 of aerobic, refrigerated storage. At Day 0, submersion in TSP and AA reduced ST 1.41 log10, whereas EO-A water reduced ST approximately 0.86 log10. After 7 d of storage, EO-A water, OZ, TSP, and AA reduced ST, with detection only after selective enrichment. Spray-washing treatments with any of the compounds did not reduce ST at Day 0. After 7 d of storage, TSP, AA, and EO-A water reduced ST 2.17, 2.31, and 1.06 log10, respectively. ST was reduced 2.11 log10 immediately following the multiple interventions, 3.81 log10 after 7 d of storage. Although effective against ST, TSP and AA are costly and adversely affect the environment. This study demonstrates that EO water can reduce ST on poultry surfaces following extended refrigerated storage.

PMID: 12412930 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Treatment of Escherichia coli (O157:H7) inoculated alfalfa seeds and sprouts with electrolyzed oxidizing water.

Int J Food Microbiol.

2003 Sep 15;86(3):231-7.

Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Electrolyzed oxidizing water is a relatively new concept that has been utilized in agriculture, livestock management, medical sterilization, and food sanitation. Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water generated by passing sodium chloride solution through an EO water generator was used to treat alfalfa seeds and sprouts inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of nalidixic acid resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7. EO water had a pH of 2.6, an oxidation-reduction potential of 1150 mV and about 50 ppm free chlorine. The percentage reduction in bacterial load was determined for reaction times of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 min. Mechanical agitation was done while treating the seeds at different time intervals to increase the effectiveness of the treatment. Since E. coli O157:H7 was released due to soaking during treatment, the initial counts on seeds and sprouts were determined by soaking the contaminated seeds/sprouts in 0.1% peptone water for a period equivalent to treatment time. The samples were then pummeled in 0.1% peptone water and spread plated on tryptic soy agar with 5 microg/ml of nalidixic acid (TSAN). Results showed that there were reductions between 38.2% and 97.1% (0.22-1.56 log(10) CFU/g) in the bacterial load of treated seeds. The reductions for sprouts were between 91.1% and 99.8% (1.05-2.72 log(10) CFU/g). An increase in treatment time increased the percentage reduction of E. coli O157:H7. However, germination of the treated seeds reduced from 92% to 49% as amperage to make EO water and soaking time increased. EO water did not cause any visible damage to the sprouts. PMID: 12915034 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Inactivation of Escherichia coli (O157:H7) and Listeria monocytogenes on plastic kitchen cutting boards by electrolyzed oxidizing water.

Venkitanarayanan KS, Ezeike GO, Hung YC, Doyle MP.Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA.One milliliter of culture containing a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (approximately 10(10) CFU) was inoculated on a 100-cm2 area marked on unscarred cutting boards. Following inoculation, the boards were air-dried under a laminar flow hood for 1 h, immersed in 2 liters of electrolyzed oxidizing water or sterile deionized water at 23 degrees C or 35 degrees C for 10 or 20 min; 45 degrees C for 5 or 10 min; or 55 degrees C for 5 min. After each temperature-time combination, the surviving population of the pathogen on cutting boards and in soaking water was determined. Soaking of inoculated cutting boards in electrolyzed oxidizing water reduced E. coli O157:H7 populations by > or = 5.0 log CFU/100 cm2 on cutting boards. However, immersion of cutting boards in deionized water decreased the pathogen count only by 1.0 to 1.5 log CFU/100 cm2. Treatment of cutting boards inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes in electrolyzed oxidizing water at selected temperature-time combinations (23 degrees C for 20 min, 35 degrees C for 10 min, and 45 degrees C for 10 min) substantially reduced the populations of L. monocytogenes in comparison to the counts recovered from the boards immersed in deionized water. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected in electrolyzed oxidizing water after soaking treatment, whereas the pathogens survived in the deionized water used for soaking the cutting boards. This study revealed that immersion of kitchen cutting boards in electrolyzed oxidizing water could be used as an effective method for inactivating foodborne pathogens on smooth, plastic cutting boards.PMID: 10456736 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

The bactericidal effects of electrolyzed oxidizing water on bacterial strains involved in hospital infections.
Vorobjeva NV, Vorobjeva LI, Khodjaev EY.

Artif Organs.

2004 Jun;28(6):590-2.

Department of Physiology of Microorganisms, Biology Faculty, Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/12, Moscow 119992, Russia.

The study is designed to investigate bactericidal actions of electrolyzed oxidizing water on hospital infections. Ten of the most common opportunistic pathogens are used for this study. Cultures are inoculated in 4.5 mL of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water or 4.5 mL of sterile deionized water (control), and incubated for 0, 0.5, and 5 min at room temperature. At the exposure time of 30 s the EO water completely inactivates all of the bacterial strains, with the exception of vegetative cells and spores of bacilli which need 5 min to be killed. The results indicate that electrolyzed oxidizing water may be a useful disinfectant for hospital infections, but its clinical application has still to be evaluated.

PMID: 15153153 [PubMed – in process]

Effect of electrolyzed oxidizing water and hydrocolloid occlusive dressings on excised burn-wounds in rats.

Chin J Traumatol.

2003 Aug 1;6(4):234-7.

Xin H, Zheng YJ, Hajime N, Han ZG.Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Jilin 130031, China.

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) and hydrocolloid occlusive dressings in the acceleration of epithelialization in excised burn-wounds in rats. METHODS: Each of the anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats (n=28) was subjected to a third-degree burn that covered approximately 10% of the total body surface area. Rats were assigned into four groups: Group I (no irrigation), Group II (irrigation with physiologic saline), Group III (irrigation with EOW) and Group IV (hydrocolloid occlusive dressing after EOW irrigation). Wounds were observed macroscopically until complete epithelialization was present, then the epithelialized wounds were examined microscopically. RESULTS: Healing of the burn wounds was the fastest in Group IV treated with hydrocolloid occlusive dressing together with EOW. Although extensive regenerative epidermis was seen in each Group, the proliferations of lymphocytes and macrophages associated with dense collagen deposition were more extensive in Group II, III and IV than in Group I. These findings were particularly evident in Group III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: Wound Healing may be accelerated by applying a hydrocolloid occlusive dressing on burn surfaces after they are cleaned with EOW.PMID: 12857518 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of electrolyzed water on wound healing.

Artif Organs.

2000 Dec;24(12):984-7.Yahagi N, Kono M, Kitahara M, Ohmura A, Sumita O, Hashimoto T, Hori K, Ning-Juan C, Woodson P, Kubota S, Murakami A, Takamoto S.Department of Anesthesiology, Teikyo University Mizonokuchi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. naokiyah@aol.com

Electrolyzed water accelerated the healing of full-thickness cutaneous wounds in rats, but only anode chamber water (acid pH or neutralized) was effective. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), also produced by electrolysis, was ineffective, suggesting that these types of electrolyzed water enhance wound healing by a mechanism unrelated to the well-known antibacterial action of HOCl. One possibility is that reactive oxygen species, shown to be electron spin resonance spectra present in anode chamber water, might trigger early wound healing through fibroblast migration and proliferation.PMID: 11121980 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Decomposition of ethylene, a flower-senescence hormone, with electrolyzed anode water.

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem.

2003 Apr;67(4):790-6.Harada K, Yasui K.Department of Research and Development, Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Inc., 2-1 Tsuishikari, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 067-0033, Japan. kharada@h1.hotcn.ne.jpElectrolyzed anode water (EAW) markedly extended the vase life of cut carnation flowers. Therefore, a flower-senescence hormone involving ethylene decomposition by EAW with potassium chloride as an electrolyte was investigated. Ethylene was added externally to EAW, and the reaction between ethylen and the available chlorine in EAW was examined. EAW had a low pH value (2.5), a high concentration of dissolved oxygen, and extremely high redox potential (19.2 mg/l and 1323 mV, respectively) when available chlorine was at a concentration of about 620 microns. The addition of ethylene to EAW led to ethylene decomposition, and an equimolar amount of ethylene chlorohydrine with available chlorine was produced. The ethylene chlorohydrine production was greatly affected by the pH value (pH 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 were tested), and was faster in an acidic solution. Ethylene chlorohydrine was not produced after ethylene had been added to EAW at pH 2.6 when available chlorine was absent, but was produced after potassium hypochlorite had been added to such EAW. The effect of the pH value of EAW on the vase life of cut carnations was compatible with the decomposition rate of ethylene in EAW of the same pH value. These results suggest that the effect of EAW on the vase life of cut carnations was due to the decomposition of ethylene to ethylene chlorohydrine by chlorine from chlorine compounds.PMID: 12784619 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

Health Benefits of Alkaline Drinking WaterThe effect of the alkali load of mineral water on bone metabolism: interventional studies.

PMID 18203918Adverse effects on bone turnover with low-calcium diets can be prevented by giving high-calcium, alkaline drinking water.

PMID 8869414Mineral water as a source of dietary calcium: acute effects on parathyroid function and bone resorption in young men.

PMID 10731509Cell hydration as the primary factor in carcinogenesis: A unifying concept.

PMID 16271440View a collection of research papers published in peer-reviewed journals about ionized water: Water Ionizer Clinical Research

Acid/Alkaline Theory of DiseaseDiets or drugs that shift acid-base balance in the alkaline direction may provide useful treatments for bone loss disorders.

PMID: 18203913 Low-grade metabolic alkalosis may be the optimal acid-base state for humans.

PMID: 11842945 Food composition and acid-base balance: alimentary alkali depletion and acid load in herbivores.

PMID: 18203917

Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults.
PMID 18326605

Water Structure Research

How ions affect the structure of water.

Hribar B, Southall NT, Vlachy V, Dill KA. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.We model ion solvation in water. We use the MB model of water, a simple two-dimensional statistical mechanical model in which waters are represented as Lennard-Jones disks having Gaussian hydrogen-bonding arms. We introduce a charge dipole into MB waters. We perform (NPT) Monte Carlo simulations to explore how water molecules are organized around ions and around nonpolar solutes in salt solutions. The model gives good qualitative agreement with experiments, including Jones-Dole viscosity B coefficients, Samoilov and Hirata ion hydration activation energies, ion solvation thermodynamics, and Setschenow coefficients for Hofmeister series ions, which describe the salt concentration dependence of the solubilities of hydrophobic solutes. The two main ideas captured here are (1) that charge densities govern the interactions of ions with water, and (2) that a balance of forces determines water structure: electrostatics (water’s dipole interacting with ions) and hydrogen bonding (water interacting with neighboring waters). Small ions (kosmotropes) have high charge densities so they cause strong electrostatic ordering of nearby waters, breaking hydrogen bonds. In contrast, large ions (chaotropes) have low charge densities, and surrounding water molecules are largely hydrogen bonded.

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